蛋白体黏膜佐剂的研究进展

通讯作者：蛋白体是脑膜炎球菌外膜蛋白形成的疏水性的毫微粒囊泡状结构,可以安全有效的提高脂多糖,蛋白和多肽等多种抗原疫苗的免疫原性。迄今为止,很多研究显示蛋白体黏膜佐剂的优势潜能。作者检索了近年来国内外关于蛋白体作为免疫佐剂的相关文献,并进行分析、归纳。本文综述了蛋白体的结构、作用机理以及国内外作为黏膜佐剂的研究进展。     

Effect of enzyme dehydration on alcalase‐catalyzed dipeptide synthesis in near‐anhydrous organic media

The effect of enzyme dehydration by molecular sieves on the coupling of phenylalanine amide and the carbamoylmethyl ester of N‐protected phenylalanine in near‐anhydrous tetrahydrofuran was investigated. This coupling was catalyzed by Alcalase covalently immobilized onto macroporous acrylic beads (Cov); these immobilized enzymes were hydrated prior to use. The dehydration kinetics of Cov by molecular sieve powder were determined by incubating Cov with different amounts of molecular sieve powder for different periods of time (0–80 h). Subsequently, the remaining coupling activity of Cov was measured. Dehydration‐induced inactivation of Cov by molecular sieve powder was found to occur in three phases: (1) an initial, rapid, major dehydration‐induced inactivation that takes place during the first activity measurement, (2) a phase of first‐order inactivation, and (3) a plateau phase in activity. These dehydration kinetics were incorporated into a previously found reaction kinetics model. The resulting model was then used to fit progress curve data of the coupling in the presence of different amounts of molecular sieve powder. Upon establishment of parameter values, the model was used to predict independent data sets and found to work well. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:870–875, 2013     

Trends and inequities in colorectal cancer screening participation in Ontario,Canada, 2005–2011

Background: Participation in screening tests for colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally low in Ontario, Canada. In addition, inequities in participation exist including lower participation among low-income individuals, males and individuals living in rural areas. In April 2008, Colon Cancer Check (CCC) program, the province-wide CRC screening program, was launched in Ontario. This study describes the trends and inequities in CRC screening participation three years before and three years after the CCC, and assesses the effect of the program on CRC screening participation, overall and among certain population groups. Methods: We used administrative data to identify cohorts of individuals eligible for CRC screening in fiscal years 2005–2011. We calculated the age-standardized percent of Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) participation, large bowel endoscopy participation, and being ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening tests. Results: From 2005 to 2011, FOBT participation increased from 7.6% to 14.8%, large bowel endoscopy participation from 3.4% to 5.7%, and ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening from 27.2% to 41.3%. Before the launch of the CCC program, the quarterly increase in FOBT participation was 0.07% (p = 0.19), increased immediately after the launch (1.8%, p < 0.01), followed by a decline (?0.08%, p = 0.08), returning to its pre-program increase rate. We noted a significant decrease in FOBT participation every summer (?0.44%, p < 0.01). The CCC program had minimal effect on large bowel endoscopy participation. Before the launch of the CCC program, the quarterly increase in ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening was 0.9% (p < 0.01), increased immediately after the launch (2.5%, p = 0.05), followed by a modest decline thereafter (?0.59%, p < 0.02). From 2005 to 2011, recent residents living in low-income neighborhoods were consistently and significantly less likely to have a FOBT and be ‘up-to-date’ with CRC screening than long-term residents living in high-income neighborhoods (2.9–4.5%; 14.7–17.3% respectively). Pre-CCC inequities in CRC participation persisted after the launch of the program. Conclusion: CRC testing was increasing in Ontario from 2005. An immediate increase in CRC testing, FOBT in particular, occurred after the launch of the CCC program, followed by a return to its pre-CCC increase rate thereafter. Future efforts are needed to improve screening participation and address inequities.     

Attitudes toward Post‐Trial Access to Medical Interventions: A Review of Academic Literature,Legislation, and International Guidelines

There is currently no international consensus around post‐trial obligations toward research participants, community members, and host countries. This literature review investigates arguments and attitudes toward post‐trial access. The literature review found that academic discussions focused on the rights of research participants, but offered few practical recommendations for addressing or improving current practices. Similarly, there are few regulations or legislation pertaining to post‐trial access. If regulatory changes are necessary, we need to understand the current arguments, legislation, and attitudes towards post‐trial access and participants and community members. Given that clinical trials conducted in low‐income countries will likely continue, there is an urgent need for consideration of post‐trial benefits for participants, communities, and citizens of host countries. While this issue may not be as pressing in countries where participants have access to healthcare and medicines through public schemes, it is particularly important in regions where this may not be available.     

The insights of Let‐7 miRNAs in oncogenesis and stem cell potency

The ability of the classic tumour‐suppressive let‐7 family to inhibit carcinogenesis, tumour progression, recurrence and pluripotency of cancer stem cells has generated significant interest in the field of cancer research. Through suppressing and degrading downstream‐targeted mRNAs, let‐7 affected most aspects of cell biology. It is perplexing how let‐7 affects oncogenesis, as the large influx of new miRNAs and other kinds of non‐coding RNAs are continuously defined. In this review, we delineate the complex functions of let‐7 and discuss the future direction of let‐7 research.     

苏州文人园林曲桥路径对视线引导的实验研究

选取3处苏州园林的曲桥路径,现场邀请游人取景拍照,获取其游园过程中关注景物、视线方向等信息,结合路径与景物关系,通过实验方法分析曲桥路径中游人赏景的视觉行为特征。通过定量分析发现,苏州文人园林中曲桥转折间带来的空间位置变化影响着人们的视觉行为,其中景物视距与方向对人们的观景兴致存在显著影响,视距在3~33 m时,游人观景兴致最佳;同时路径方向与观景方向的垂直关系、路径对景物的指向关系可增强游人对相应景观的观赏兴致,曲桥中对垂直与指向关系的运用存在一定的规律。     

Ethical issues associated with HIV phylogenetics in HIV transmission dynamics research: A review of the literature using the Emanuel Framework

The reduced costs of DNA sequencing and the use of such data for HIV‐1 clinical management and phylogenetic analysis have led to a massive increase of HIV‐1 sequences in the last few years. Phylogenetic analysis has shed light on the origin, spread and characteristics of HIV‐1 epidemics and outbreaks. Phylogenetic analysis is now also being used to advance our knowledge of the drivers of HIV‐1 transmission in order to design effective interventions. However, HIV phylogenetic analysis presents unique ethical challenges, which have not been fully explored. This review presents an analysis of what appear to be key ethical issues in HIV phylogenetics in the hope of stimulating further conceptual and empirical work in this rapidly emerging area. We structure the review using the Emanuel Framework, a systematic, holistic framework, which has been adapted for use in developing countries, which bear the brunt of the HIV‐1 pandemic.     

Drugging the undruggable proteins in cancer: A systems biology approach

In recent years, the research community has, with comprehensive systems biology approaches and related technologies, gained insight into the vast complexity of numerous cancers. These approaches allow an in-depth exploration that cannot be achieved solely using conventional low-throughput methods, which do not closely mimic the natural cellular environment. In this review, we discuss recent integrative multiple omics approaches for understanding and modulating previously identified ‘undruggable’ targets such as members of the RAS family, MYC, TP53, and various E3 ligases and deubiquitinases. We describe how these technologies have revolutionized drug discovery by overcoming an array of biological and technological challenges and how, in the future, they will be pivotal in assessing cancer states in individual patients, allowing for the prediction and application of personalized disease treatments.     

Global research trends and gaps in ecological compensation studies from 1990 to 2020: A scientometric review

Ecosystems are facing severe destruction and threats due to unreasonable human utilization. Repairing damage to nature and protect biodiversity through ecological compensation will be an inevitable measure for achieving sustainable development. To explore the current research hotspots and future research directions of ecological compensation, this paper tries to search the WoS Core Collection and collects 685 ecological compensation papers published between 1990 and 2020. R language and CiteSpace software were applied in this paper. It is found that: (1) The number of articles has gone through the initial explorations, fluctuating growth, and rapid development of the field from 1990 to 2020. Only 7.5% of authors have published more than two papers. (2) Regarding the production of papers, the top 3 countries are the US, China, and the UK. At present, the majority of countries focus on independent research, and international cooperation is gradually strengthening. (3) The current research hotpots mainly invlove biodiversity and sustainable development, ecological compensation for forests and water resources, China's Grain-to-Green Project, poverty reduction, livelihood issues, public participation willingness and equity issues, indicating that ecological compensation is a rapidly emerging interdisciplinary academic field. (4) The results reveal several research directions in the future: strengthening theoretical research, resolving issues pertaining to the complex relationships among stakeholders, encouraging a transformation from qualitative to quantitative research, increasing the focus of ecological compensation models on local conditions, and applying more scientific models and high-tech tools in effect evaluation.