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21.
Andreas Ciroth Michael Srocka 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2008,13(3):265-277
Background, Aim and Scope Quite often there is need for precise and representative parameters in LCA studies. Probably the most relevant have direct
influence on the functional unit, whose definition is crucial in the conduct of any LCA. Changes in the functional unit show
directly in LCI and LCIA results. In comparative assertions, a bias in the functional unit may lead to a bias in the overall
conclusions. Since quantitative data for the functional unit, such as geometric dimensions and specific weight, often vary,
the question arises how to determine the functional unit, especially if a comparative assertion shall be representative for
a region or market. Aim and scope of the study is to develop and apply methods for obtaining precise and representative estimates
for the functional unit as one important parameter in an LCA study.
Materials and Methods Statistical sampling is applied in order to get empirical estimates for the weight of yoghurt cups, as a typical parameter
for the functional unit. We used a two-stage sampling design, with stratified sampling in the first stage and three different
sampling designs in the second stage, namely stratified, clustered, and a posteriori sampling. Sampling designs are motivated and described. In a case study, they are each used to determined a representative
weight for 150 g yoghurt cups in Berlin, at the point of sale and within a specific time. In the first sampling stage, food
markets are randomly selected, while in the second stage, yoghurt cups in these food markets are sampled. The sampling methods
are applicable due to newly available internet data. These data sources and their shortcomings are described.
Results The random sampling procedure yields representative estimates, which are compared to figures for market leaders, i.e. yoghurt
cups with very high occurrence in the supermarkets. While single types of yoghurt cups showed moderate uncertainty, representative
estimates were highly precise.
Discussion results show, for one, the performance of the applied statistical estimation procedures, and they show further
that adding more information in the estimation procedure (on the shape of the cup, on the type of plastic, on the specific
brand) helps reducing uncertainty.
Conclusions As conclusions, estimates and their uncertainty depend on the measurement procedure in a sensitive manner; any uncertainty
information should be coupled with information on the measurement procedure, and it is recommended to use statistical sampling
in order to reduce uncertainty for important parameters of an LCA study.
Recommendations and Perspectives Results for market leaders differed considerably from representative estimates. This implies to not use market leader data,
or data with a high market share, as substitute for representative data in LCA studies. Statistical sampling has been barely
used for Life Cycle Assessment. It turned out to be a feasible means for obtaining highly precise and representative estimates
for the weight of yoghurt cups in the case study, based on empirical analysis. Further research is recommended in order to
detect which parameters should best be investigated in LCA case studies; which data sources are available and recommended,
and which sampling designs are appropriate for different application cases.
ESS-Submission Editor: Seungdo Kim. PhD (kimseun@msu.edu) 相似文献
22.
Nicolas Labrière Stuart J. Davies Mathias I. Disney Laura I. Duncanson Martin Herold Simon L. Lewis Oliver L. Phillips Shaun Quegan Sassan S. Saatchi Dmitry G. Schepaschenko Klaus Scipal Plinio Sist Jérôme Chave 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(3):827-840
Forests contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon storage and uptake, but the extent to which this carbon pool varies in space and time is still poorly known. Several Earth Observation missions have been specifically designed to address this issue, for example, NASA's GEDI, NASA-ISRO's NISAR and ESA's BIOMASS. Yet, all these missions' products require independent and consistent validation. A permanent, global, in situ, site-based forest biomass reference measurement system relying on ground data of the highest possible quality is therefore needed. Here, we have assembled a list of almost 200 high-quality sites through an in-depth review of the literature and expert knowledge. In this study, we explore how representative these sites are in terms of their coverage of environmental conditions, geographical space and biomass-related forest structure, compared to those experienced by forests worldwide. This work also aims at identifying which sites are the most representative, and where to invest to improve the representativeness of the proposed system. We show that the environmental coverage of the system does not seem to improve after at least the 175 most representative sites are included, but geographical and structural coverages continue to improve as more sites are added. We highlight the areas of poor environmental, geographical, or structural coverage, including, but not limited to, Canada, the western half of the USA, Mexico, Patagonia, Angola, Zambia, eastern Russia, and tropical and subtropical highlands (e.g. in Colombia, the Himalayas, Borneo, Papua). For the proposed system to succeed, we stress that (1) data must be collected and processed applying the same standards across all countries and continents; (2) system establishment and management must be inclusive and equitable, with careful consideration of working conditions; and (3) training and site partner involvement in downstream activities should be mandatory. 相似文献