福建外来入侵植物初步研究

经野外调查和整理分析文献资料,初步认定福建省外来入侵植物并已归化的种类约73种,分属于29科,其中菊科种类最多,有16种。从来源看,来自美洲的有59种,占80.82%。入侵植物中包括6种2003年国家环保总局公布的首批外来入侵物种。文中还对这些外来入侵植物的危害、入侵途径及其防治对策进行讨论。     

Review: Prevention and management of gastric cancer

Gastric cancer (GC) is still the fifth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths in both sexes worldwide. Although the incidence of GC is predicted to continue declining in a growing number of countries in the future, on a global scale the number of newly diagnosed GC cases will remain high, or increase even further, due to changes in population size and increasing risks observed in younger generations. In a retrospective cohort study, collecting data from the Veterans Health Administration, treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection decreased GC risk only if eradication was successful. In a German case‐control study, among GC patients with autoimmune gastritis, pernicious anemia was associated with earlier detection of GC, which translated into a significantly better 5‐year survival. In an updated meta‐analysis, H. pylori eradication therapy in healthy individuals significantly reduced both GC incidence and mortality from GC with a number needed to treat of 72 and 135, respectively. In Korea, successful H. pylori eradication substantially reduced GC incidence in first‐degree relatives of GC patients as well. A meta‐analysis of four trials including 1,556 patients with resectable GC reported that the patient subgroup tumors with high microsatellite instability undergoing surgery did not benefit from perioperative or adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Differential long-term neuroadaptations of glutamate receptors in the basolateral and central amygdala after withdrawal from cocaine self-administration in rats

Humans and laboratory animals remain highly vulnerable to relapse to cocaine-seeking after prolonged periods of withdrawal from the drug. It has been hypothesized that this persistent cocaine relapse vulnerability involves drug-induced alterations in glutamatergic synapses within the mesolimbic dopamine reward system. Previous studies have shown that cocaine self-administration induces long-lasting neuroadaptations in glutamate neurons of the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. Here, we determined the effect of cocaine self-administration and subsequent withdrawal on glutamate receptor expression in the amygdala, a component of the mesolimbic dopamine system that is involved in cocaine seeking and craving induced by drug-associated cues. Rats were trained for 10 days to self-administer intravenous cocaine (6 h/day) or saline (a control condition) and were killed after one or 30 withdrawal days. Basolateral and central amygdala tissues were assayed for protein expression of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits (GluR1 and GluR2) and the NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A and NR2B). In the basolateral amygdala, GluR1 but not GluR2 levels were increased on days 1 and 30, NR2A levels were increased on day 1, and NR2B levels were decreased on day 30 of withdrawal from cocaine. In the central amygdala, GluR2 but not GluR1 levels were increased on days 1 and 30, NR1 levels were increased on day 30 and NR2A or NR2B levels were not altered after withdrawal from cocaine. These results indicate that cocaine self-administration and subsequent withdrawal induces long-lasting and differential neuroadaptations in basolateral and central amygdala glutamate receptors.     

海洋生物技术在海水养殖动植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用

海水养殖是我国沿海地区发展经济的重要支柱产业。目前影响我国海水养殖业持续、稳定、健康发展的主要制约因素是苗种和病害问题。本文就海洋生物技术在海水养殖物植物品种培育和病害防治中的应用及有关问题进行了探讨,分别就应用海洋生物技术在群体和个体水平、细胞和染色体水平以及基因和分子水平培育新品种的工作,包括ＳＰＦ和ＳＰＲ苗种的培育、性别控制和杂交育种、多倍体育种、雌核发育、藻类细胞工程育种、转基因技术等进行了讨论。在重要水产养殖疾病病原的快速诊断和检测技术方面,重卢、讨论了核酸探针技术,ＰＣＲ技术和单克隆抗体技术。海洋生物技术在水产养殖疾病防治中的应用,重点讨论了疫苗和免疫促进剂的开发以及基因工程疫苗。本文还对我国海洋生物技术的发展战略及有关问题进行了探讨。     

Energy metabolism and the evolution of reproductive suppression in the human female

Reproduction places severe demands on the energy metabolism in human females. When physical work entails higher energy expenditure, not enough energy will be left for the support of the reproductive processes and temporal suppression of the reproductive function is expected. While energy needed for reproduction may be obtained by increases in energy intake, utilization of fat reserves, or reallocation of energy from basal metabolism, several environmental or physiological constraints render such solutions unlikely. For human ancestors increases in energy intake were limited by availability of food, by labor of food preparation and by metabolic ceilings to energy assimilation. Energy stored as fat may support only a fraction of the requirements for reproduction (especially lactation). Effects of intense physical activity on basal metabolism may also interfere with fat accumulation during pregnancy. Finally, the female physiology may experience demands on increasing the basal metabolism as a consequence of physical activity and, at the same time, on decreasing the basal metabolism, when energy to support the ongoing pregnancy or lactation is inadequate. The resulting metabolic dilemmas could constitute a plausible cause for the occurrence of reproductive suppression in response to physical activity. It is, therefore, likely that allocating enough energy to the reproductive processes during periods when energy expenditure rises may be difficult due to physiological and bioenergetic constraints. Females attempting pregnancy in such conditions may compromise their lifetime reproductive output. A reproductive suppression occurring in low energy availability situations may thus represent an adaptive rather then a pathological response.     

Development of a Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici from Basil Seed and Roots

A real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using a TaqMan^® probe was developed to detect the causal agent of wilt and crown rot of basil from infected plants and seed in Italy. The aim of the study was to diminish testing time, previously performed using nested‐PCR, and to create the conditions for future automation. The sensitivity of the assay was shown to be similar to the detection limit of the available nested‐PCR procedure. The advantages of real‐time PCR system include halving of the testing time, as well as the ability to identify both internally and externally infected seed to the sensitivity of 1 pg of genomic DNA. The assay was able to detect the presence of the pathogen in infected seed up to a sensitivity of 24 (SD: ±10) CFU per 100 seeds.     

细胞休眠在肿瘤耐药和复发中的作用

目前对于肿瘤的药物治疗已经取得了一定的进展,然而,治疗后残存肿瘤细胞的复发仍然是导致肿瘤治疗失败的主要原因．肿瘤细胞休眠在肿瘤复发及耐药中发挥着重要的作用．近年来,研究发现上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的肿瘤细胞,肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)以及循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)都显示出细胞周期阻滞的状态．因此,对于休眠阶段肿瘤细胞的研究将可能促进肿瘤的治疗及预防肿瘤的复发．本文总结了药物治疗诱导肿瘤细胞发生休眠的具体过程,同时认为休眠是肿瘤细胞面对药物治疗所采取的主动防御措施,而非被动逃避过程．探究药物诱导性肿瘤细胞的休眠机制对于靶向休眠肿瘤细胞治疗及提高临床治疗效果都具有非常重要的意义．