延缓番茄果实成熟的分子机理

对延缓番茄果实成熟的热处理、反义ＲＮＡ技术及气调技术（高ＣＯ２／低Ｏ２,１００％Ｎ２）等方法进行了阐述,并从分子水平上（包括与乙烯生成有关及无关的蛋白质的合成、基因表达等方面）探讨了这些方法延缓果实成熟的机理。     

Variation in alpha-L-fucosidase properties among 28 inbred mouse strains: Six strains have high enzyme activity and heat-stabile enzyme with a variant pH-activity curve; twenty-two strains have low activity and heat-labile enzyme

Alpha-L-fucosidase in tissues of 28 inbred mouse strains varied with respect to three properties: high or low heat stability, a pH-activity curve with high or low relative activity at pH 2.8, and high or low activity. Alpha-L-fucosidase from six strains (A/J, BDP/J, LP/J, P/J, SEA/GNJ, and 129/J) had high heat stability, high pH 2.8 relative activity, and high activity, whereas the other 22 strains all had low heat stability, low pH 2.8 relative activity, and low activity. The heat-stability difference was seen in all organs tested (brain, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, and testis) for two heat-stabile strains (P/J and 129/J) and four heat-labile strains (C57 BL/6J, C3H/HeJ, DBA/2J, and BALB/cJ) studied in detail. The findings suggested that two structural variants of alpha-L-fucosidase, probably genetically determined, exist in these 28 inbred mouse strains, although the presence of linkage disequilibrium between alleles of tightly linked structural and regulatory genes could not be excluded.This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NS-15281 and NS-11766), the Muscular Dystrophy Association (H. Houston Merritt Clinical Center for Muscular Dystrophy and Related Diseases), the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation, and a generous gift from the Alexander Rapaport Foundation.     

2003年稻纵卷叶螟重大迁入过程的大气动力机制分析

为了探明稻纵卷叶螟灾变性迁入的大气动力学机制,本研究在ArcGIS中对2003年我国稻纵卷叶螟的时空分布规律进行了简要的地学分析。在此基础上,选取了有典型意义的重大迁入过程2个,从PCVSATTM接收系统中调取覆盖各迁飞过程的实测气象数据和T213数值预报产品,输入MM5中尺度数值预报模式对迁飞和降落期间的大气动力场进行了数值模拟和客观分析。结果表明：（1）用850 hPa和925 hPa高度风向来分别描述稻纵卷叶螟北迁和南迁主迁飞层种群迁移的方向是比较合适的。北迁时,从源地到迁入地之间有比较一致的偏南气流;南迁时,从源地到迁入地之间则有相对均一的偏北气流。水平风场上的气旋式曲率区有利于害虫的起飞迁出,反气旋式曲率区则有利于其迁入降落。（2）垂直气流场中下沉气流的推动作用是稻纵卷叶螟迁入和降落的最直接大气动力机制,当稻纵卷叶螟迁入某一即将危害的稻区时,其降落前36～12 h以内的850 hPa等压面上常表现为相对强而宽广的下沉气流区。（3）在稻纵卷叶螟迁入与为害前36～12 h内的高空850 hPa和925 hPa散度场上,降虫区上空对应着比较一致的高值正散度区,表明有较强的下沉气流存在,这对降虫十分有利。（4）850 hPa、925 hPa等压面上的水平流场、垂直气流场和散度场的特征分布对预测稻纵卷叶螟的迁入和降落具有很好的指示意义。     

The role of tumor necrosis factor-α for interleukin-10 production by murine dendritic cells

In the present study, we examined the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in interleukin (IL)-10 production by dendritic cells (DCs) using bone-marrow derived DCs from wild type (WT) and TNF-α knockout (TNF-α^−/−) mice. Toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation induced substantial level of IL-10 production by WT DCs, but significantly low level of IL-10 production by TNF-α^−/− DCs. In contrast, no significant difference was detected in IL-12 p40 production between WT and TNF-α^−/− DCs. Addition of TNF-α during TLR stimulation recovered the impaired ability of TNF-α^−/− DCs for IL-10 production. This recovery appeared to be associated with an activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt following the TNF-α addition. Blocking these kinases significantly inhibited IL-10 production by TNF-α^−/− DCs stimulated with TLR ligands plus TNF-α. Thus, TNF-α may be a key molecule to regulate the balance between anti-inflammatory versus inflammatory cytokine production in DCs.     

结核分枝杆菌毒力因子蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶PtpA转录调控和分泌机理

结核分枝杆菌感染引起的结核病疫情依然严峻。感染的结核菌可分泌一系列效应分子调控、干扰和逃逸宿主免疫。本文综述蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶PtpA在结核菌感染中发挥的重要作用:经多条途径抑制宿主天然免疫、细胞凋亡及吞噬体-溶酶体融合、调控宿主能量代谢等逃逸免疫杀伤。作为候选药物靶标,靶向PtpA的抑制剂设计、筛选及药物研发较为迟缓,因为PtpA与宿主蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶hLMW-PTP具有较高一致性。为了进一步探索靶向该分子的更佳途径,分析了ptpA基因转录及PtpA蛋白分泌方面的研究进展及存在问题,为靶向PtpA的其他途径提供参考。     

Ex vivo immunological evaluation of stable mixed chimeric patients after matched related donor allogeneic transplantation in sickle cell disease

Background aimsAllogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is curative for sickle cell disease, and the use of matched related donors, non-myeloablative conditioning and sirolimus immunosuppression results in stable mixed chimerism without graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, the time to terminate sirolimus while maintaining mixed chimerism is unclear.MethodsIn this study, we developed a two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to evaluate ex vivo immunoreaction in mixed chimeric patients.ResultsIn co-culture of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from two healthy controls (without irradiation), we detected proliferation at various ratios of PBMC mixtures (1:9 to 9:1) as well as various concentrations of sirolimus, suggesting that two-way MLR is applicable to patients (having >10% chimerism) undergoing sirolimus treatment. In two-way MLR using PBMCs (including donor and recipient cells) from mixed chimeric patients (n = 28), greater ex vivo proliferation was observed <6 months compared with >6 months post-transplant and healthy control PBMC monoculture. Robust ex vivo proliferation was observed in a patient with acute GVHD, and persistent ex vivo proliferation (until 2 years) was observed in a patient with decreasing donor chimerism.ConclusionsIn summary, we demonstrated that in two-way MLR, ex vivo immunoreaction decreases to low levels ~6 months post-transplant. These findings suggest a rationale to continue immunosuppression for 6 months.     

抗菌肽对细菌杀伤作用的分子机制

抗菌肽是一类新型的抗菌物质,从最低等的生物病毒、细菌到高等的动植物都有广泛分布. 以往的研究主要集中于抗菌肽对细菌细胞膜的作用机制,已经构建了三种作用模式. 但近几年的研究表明,很多抗菌肽都能有效地穿过细菌的细胞膜,直接与胞内分子相互作用,并不引起膜的破裂. 抗菌肽根据其结构特点有着多种杀菌穿膜的机制,其后分别与胞内的靶分子如核酸,蛋白质,信号转导通路等互相作用,最终实现对细菌的杀伤作用.     

炭样小单孢菌产抗生素对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抗菌作用及其机理

【背景】水稻细菌性条斑病菌为水稻细菌性条斑病的病原菌,土壤中分离到的一株具有广谱抗菌活性的炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1,其发酵产物(即抗生素JX)对植物病原菌具有较强的抑菌活性。【目的】研究抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抗菌作用及其机理。【方法】采用杯碟法测定抑菌圈大小,二倍稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度、最低杀菌浓度,并且从菌体形态观察、电导率变化、培养液大分子漏出、蛋白质合成、核酸合成和膜电位变化6个方面探究其作用机理。【结果】抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌的抑菌圈直径达18.84±0.28mm,最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度分别为1.39μg/m L和2.78μg/mL,且杀菌速度很快,作用12 h的杀菌率达100%。在抗生素JX作用下,水稻细菌性条斑病菌的细胞形态发生改变,培养液电导率、膜电位和大分子漏出量均随抗生素浓度增加而增大,但菌体蛋白质含量随着抗生素浓度增加而降低,同时,通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测发现ef-p表达量下调。【结论】抗生素JX对水稻细菌性条斑病菌具有较强的抗菌作用,推测其抑菌机理是通过抑制菌体蛋白质的生物合成和影响细胞膜完整性而起作用。     

hhlim基因转录调控区域鉴定及表达调控的初步研究

为了研究hhlim基因表达调控机制,对该基因5′上游－2 537 bp序列从5′端依次进行缺失后,利用荧光素酶报告基因检测各种不同长度片段在C2C12细胞中驱动荧光素酶表达的活性.结果表明,在hhlim基因5′上游－2 537～－1 537 bp之间存在负调控元件,在－253～－157 bp之间含有增强子样序列.用含有增强子样序列的DNA片段做探针,对未分化型和分化型C2C12细胞的核蛋白进行电泳迁移率改变分析(electrophoretic mopility shift assay, EMSA).分析的结果显示,两种表型细胞中的核蛋白与探针结合所形成滞后带的谱型明显不同.结果还发现内皮素-1(ET-1)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)既能显著诱导C2C12细胞对hhlim的表达,也能刺激含增强子样序列的调控区域所驱动的报告基因表达.提示hhlim基因转录起始点至－2 537 bp的区域内含有负调控元件及增强子样序列,该基因的表达受ET-1和bFGF的调节.