基于比较基因组学方法的丝状子囊菌同源序列分析

为探讨丝状子囊菌基因组的同源保守序列作为标记基因,利用Standalone BLASTN方法将构巢曲霉全基因组基因分别与30种丝状子囊菌基因组比较.构巢曲霉与每个丝状子囊菌基因组之间的同源匹配基因数量似乎可反映子囊菌之间的进化关系,构巢曲霉（10,560个基因）与15种散囊菌纲其他真菌间的匹配基因数量为5,179-7,747个,其中与另外7个同属的种匹配的基因数量为7,434-7,747个,而与亲缘关系较远的2种锤舌菌纲真菌灰葡萄孢和核盘菌的匹配基因数量分别仅有4,318个和4,242个.构巢曲霉的10,560个基因与20余种子囊菌基因组同时匹配的基因数为3,509个,占33.2％,构巢曲霉基因与30种子囊菌共同匹配的基因仅924个.此外,E值大小在10-30_0.1范围的同源序列变异性大,而在0-10-100范围的同源序列高度保守.随着基因组序列数据的增加,比较基因组方法将会在真菌系统学研究领域发挥更大的作用.     

Committee for the study of the Scottish Flora

Background: Damage to alpine plant communities is likely to occur when hikers and pack animals trample vegetation. Currently, there is limited research that quantifies and compares impacts from these activities.

Aims: A manipulative experimental protocol was used to assess damage to alpine meadows by pack animals and hikers in the Aconcagua Provincial Park, Andes, Argentina.

Methods: Vegetation height, overall cover, cover of dominant species and species richness were measured immediately after, and 2 weeks after different numbers of passes (0, 25, 100 and 300) by hikers or pack animals in an experiment, using a randomised block design.

Results: Pack animals had two to three times the impact of hiking on the meadows, with greater reductions in plant height, the cover of one of the dominant sedges and declines in overall vegetation cover after 300 passes. Impacts of pack animals were also apparent at lower levels of use than for hikers. These differences occurred despite the meadow community having relatively high resistance to trampling due to the traits of one of the dominant sedges (Carex gayana).

Conclusions: Pack animals caused more damage than hikers to the alpine meadow, but the scale of the difference in short-term impacts depends on the characteristics of the plant community, the amount of use and the vegetation parameters measured. Use of the meadows by hikers and pack animals should be minimised as these meadows are scarce, and have high conservation values.     

Grazing effects on plant diversity in the endemic Erica mackayana heathland community of north-west Spain

Background: Large areas of heathland landscapes in Galicia, north-west Spain, have traditionally been extensively grazed by free-ranging cattle and wild ponies. Recently, a large reduction in the number of these larger herbivores has been observed, with unknown consequences for the habitat.

Aims: To evaluate the effects of grazing and herbivore density on plant diversity, community composition and vegetation structure of the endemic wet heathlands dominated by Erica mackayana in Galicia.

Methods: Field sampling of vascular plants, generalised linear models (GLMs), non-metric multidimensional distance scaling (NMDS).

Results: Grazed sites had significantly higher total and rare species richness and diversity than ungrazed sites. Higher densities of cattle resulted in lower numbers of rare species, while wild pony density had no effect on rare species richness. In grazed sites, vegetation was lower with greater variation in height, resulting in greater heterogeneity of the habitat. Precipitation and summer temperatures were related to plant diversity, mainly beta diversity. Soil organic matter negatively correlated with rare species.

Discussion: Grazing, mostly by wild ponies, was demonstrated to be positively related to plant diversity and vegetation structure. Lack of grazing or high cattle densities resulted in a negative effect on total and rare species richness and diversity. Future climate change may negatively affect heathland plant diversity. Galician wild ponies represent a unique case of sustainable management of a wild species and an invaluable cultural heritage. Moreover, they have a significant role in maintaining the endemic E. mackayana heathlands, what would justify specific conservation actions for these large herbivores.     

Territory Availability at Different Spatial Scales does not Affect Fighting Investment in Males of the Lycaenid Butterfly Strymon mulucha

In territorial species, rivals investment in fights over territories may increase when the availability of suitable areas for defense is low. This should occur because low territory availability may increase the costs to maintain and acquire territories. Although such process occurs in small spatial scales (local scale), territory availability in larger scales (regional scale) may also affect fighting investment, as losers should incur additional dispersing costs to find new territories. In this study, we used males of the hilltopping butterfly Strymon mulucha to evaluate the hypothesis that males should invest more in territorial fights when the costs to find new territories are higher (both at local and at regional scale). We timed male–male contests for territories located in 12 hilltops and measured male density per territory in each hilltop (local scale). We also quantified the distance between hilltops containing suitable areas for territories (regional scale). Male–male contests lasted 21 s on average, and copulations did not occur during the observations. The duration of contests was unrelated to the male density per territory or to the distance among hilltops, indicating that the investment in fights was unaffected by the availability of territorial sites, independent of the spatial scale. As male–male contests in S. mulucha are longer than the mean contest duration in other butterfly species and mating is extremely rare, we suggest that the value of each territory may be high enough to favor males that always invest as much as possible in contests.     

经腹、经阴道与经会阴三种超声途径测量宫颈长度对早产的预测价值

目的:比较经腹、经阴道与经会阴三种超声途径测量宫颈长度对早产的预测价值。方法:选取我院就诊的孕妇780例,根据测量途径不同分为三组,每组260例,分别采用经腹、经阴道与经会阴方法测量宫颈长度。观察并比较三组患者的妊娠结局,以及三种测量方法的敏感度及特异性。结果:三组患者接受率相比,经腹组、经会阴组患者接受率明显高于经阴道组(P0.05);三组患者宫颈显示率相比,经会阴组、经阴道组宫颈显示率显著高于经腹组(P0.05)。经腹组中,宫颈长度2.5 cm的患者早产率为48.46%,明显高于宫颈长度≥2.5 cm的患者早产率17.69%(P0.05);经会阴组中,宫颈长度2.5 cm的患者早产率为37.69%,明显高于宫颈长度≥2.5 cm的患者早产率13.08%(P0.05);经阴道组中,宫颈长度2.5 cm的患者早产率为36.92%,明显高于宫颈长度≥2.5 cm的患者早产率13.46%(P0.05)。结论:三种超声途径测量宫颈长度对预测早产均有很大的临床价值,其中经会阴途径优势更大,值得进一步推广临床使用。     

棉花花铃期抗旱性综合评价及指标筛选

以90份国内棉花为材料,在大田采用花铃期胁迫,考察6个农艺性状和单株产量(Y值)指标,采用综合抗旱系数、因子分析、隶属性函数值、聚类分析、灰色关联度和广义遗传力分析相结合的方法,对其抗旱性进行综合评价、抗旱性划分和评价指标筛选。结果表明,基于D值相关性状指标对干旱胁迫关联度位次依次为:单株产量、有效铃数、有效果枝数、株高、单铃重、衣分、第一果枝节位。因子分析表明,3个公因子可代表棉花抗旱性72.45%的原始数据信息量。基于D值和加权抗旱系数(WDC值)的各品种抗旱性排序相近,位居前10位的抗旱品种基本相同。各品种D值与综合抗旱系数(CDC值)、WDC值之间均呈极显著正相关,广义遗传率分析表明D值的遗传率为55.4%,为最高,其次为CDC值、WDC值。各品种Y值与CDC、WDC值间极显著正相关;根据D值将试验材料划分为5个抗旱级别,可较好地反映品种的选育条件及适应地区。试验结果说明基于遗传力大小的综合抗旱指标中用D值为主要参数,WDC为辅助评价参数,评价以单株产量为主要考量目标的棉花抗旱性是适宜且必须的;以抗旱性综合评价方法进行棉花抗旱性综合评价、抗旱性划分和评价指标筛选是可行且有效的。     

Diurnal variations of heart rate,urine flow and catecholamine excretion in subjects wearing clothing that provides different thermal insulation

This study investigated the effects of clothing providing different Clo values upon the circadian rhythm of sympathetic nervous activity, as inferred from urinary catecholamine excretion and heart rate, in a thermoneutral environment. Seven health female subjects were studied for 37.5 h, from 21:00 h on the first day to 10:30 h on the third day, in an isolated climatic chamber controlled at 23.8?±?0.2 °C and 60?±?5% RH. Light intensity was 500 lux from 06:30 to 19:30 h, 100 lux from 19:30 to 22:30 h and 0 lux from 22:30 to 06:30 h. Subjects were tested while wearing two different types of clothing: Type L, offering 1.048 Clo of thermal insulation and with the subjects’ extremities covered; and Type H, 0.744 Clo of thermal insulation and the subjects’ extremities exposed. Urine samples were collected every 4 h, their volumes were measured and they were later assayed for their contents of adrenaline and noradrenaline; the mean heart rate for each of these 4-h periods was also calculated. The daily profiles of the variables were assessed by ANOVA, which indicated that the amplitudes and phases of the daily rhythms differed between the clothing types. This result was examined in more detail by assessing the profiles by single and group cosinor analysis (period = 24 h). All four physiological variables showed clear and statistically significant group cosinor rhythms with both types of clothing. The mean amplitudes of urine flow, the excretion rate of urinary adrenaline and heart rate were greater when wearing Type H rather than Type L clothing (p = 0.01 for urine flow and heart rate; p = 0.072 for rate of excretion of adrenaline). Also, the acrophase of the rate of urinary adrenaline excretion was earlier in all subjects wearing Type H rather than Type L clothing (p = 0.048), and the acrophases of urine flow and urinary noradrenaline excretion rate were earlier in six and five of the subjects, respectively. These results show that clothing which is worn in an environment of moderate temperature (23.8 °C) and which offers a lower Clo value (especially if the distal extremities are exposed) might induce an increase in amplitude and/or an advance of acrophase in circadian rhythms of urine flow, excretion of urinary catecholamines and heart rate. It is suggested that these rhythmic changes, which imply changes in the daily profile of sympathetic nervous system activity, might be important when daily thermoregulation and comfort in response to the type of clothing being worn in daily life are considered.     

火烧及微地貌对高原湿草甸优势种华扁穗草地上部灰分含量及热值的影响

为探讨火烧干扰以及微地貌差异对高原湿草甸植被的影响,以高原湿草甸优势种华扁穗草( Blysmus sinocompressus Tang et F. T. Wang)为研究对象,分别在经历火烧干扰和未烧的湿地中选择平地和地垄作为样地,研究了不同生长期以及不同年份华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值(包括干质量热值和去灰分热值)变化。结果表明：在火烧平地、火烧地垄、未烧平地和未烧地垄4类样地中,不同生长期以及不同年份间华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值均有一定差异。在火烧平地、火烧地垄和未烧平地3类样地中,与生长初期相比,生长旺盛期华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量均降低,其干质量热值和去灰分热值均升高;而在未烧地垄样地中,与生长初期相比,生长旺盛期华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量显著升高,其干质量热值和去灰分热值则均略降低。从样地类型看,在生长旺盛期,平地样地中华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量均低于地垄样地,其干质量热值和去灰分热值均高于地垄样地,其中,其灰分含量在火烧平地样地中最低、在未烧地垄样地中最高;其干质量热值和去灰分热值在火烧地垄样地中均最低、在未烧平地样地中均最高,但总体无显著差异。随时间推移,火烧样地特别是火烧平地样地中华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量增加,而其干质量热值和去灰分热值则有所降低但总体上与未烧样地间无显著差异。总体上看,在火烧样地中,华扁穗草地上部的干质量热值和去灰分热值低于未烧样地;而在平地样地中,其干质量热值和去灰分热值高于地垄样地。研究结果显示：火烧干扰和微地貌差异对华扁穗草地上部的灰分含量和热值均有一定的影响,据此,建议将植物地上部的灰分含量和热值作为高原湿草甸植被优势种响应环境扰动的参考指标。     

《细菌生长曲线测定》实验方法的研究

为深入学习细菌生长曲线测定方法,并使其在教学、科研和生产中得到更好应用,以实验室分离菌株为研究对象,以大肠埃希菌生长曲线的测定为实验方法,并对该方法的应用进行了研究并提出改进方案。研究结果表明,采用上述方法仅测出2株葡萄球菌属菌株的生长曲线,采取增加溶氧量、单瓶培养及取样后立即测定,得到3株芽胞杆菌属菌株的生长曲线,而对产色素的考克氏菌属菌株宜采用平板菌落计数的方法进行生长曲线的绘制。不同菌属菌株生长曲线的测定要根据实际情况选择合适方法,测定过程要防止低温保存对菌液光密度的影响。