全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4127篇 |
免费 | 330篇 |
国内免费 | 126篇 |
专业分类
4583篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 10篇 |
2023年 | 56篇 |
2022年 | 63篇 |
2021年 | 84篇 |
2020年 | 98篇 |
2019年 | 125篇 |
2018年 | 120篇 |
2017年 | 82篇 |
2016年 | 113篇 |
2015年 | 155篇 |
2014年 | 241篇 |
2013年 | 324篇 |
2012年 | 144篇 |
2011年 | 189篇 |
2010年 | 182篇 |
2009年 | 212篇 |
2008年 | 230篇 |
2007年 | 277篇 |
2006年 | 202篇 |
2005年 | 200篇 |
2004年 | 178篇 |
2003年 | 148篇 |
2002年 | 158篇 |
2001年 | 77篇 |
2000年 | 74篇 |
1999年 | 76篇 |
1998年 | 79篇 |
1997年 | 86篇 |
1996年 | 79篇 |
1995年 | 81篇 |
1994年 | 62篇 |
1993年 | 60篇 |
1992年 | 27篇 |
1991年 | 41篇 |
1990年 | 26篇 |
1989年 | 27篇 |
1988年 | 15篇 |
1987年 | 20篇 |
1986年 | 21篇 |
1985年 | 19篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 17篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 15篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1975年 | 5篇 |
1973年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有4583条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
Salinas-Tobon Mdel R Navarrete-Leon A Mendez-Loredo BE Esquivel-Aguirre D Martínez-Abrajan DM Hernandez-Sanchez J 《Experimental parasitology》2007,115(2):160-167
In this work, we analyzed the kinetics of anti-Trichinella spiralis newborn larva (NBL) antibodies (Ab) and the antigenic recognition pattern of NBL proteins and its dose effects. Wistar rats were infected with 0, 700, 2000, 4000 and 8000 muscle larvae (ML) and bled at different time intervals up to day 31 post infection (p.i.). Ab production was higher with 2000 ML dose and decreased with 8000, 4000 and 700 ML. Abs were not detected until day 10, peaked on day 14 for the 2000 ML dose and on day 19 for the other doses and thereafter declined slowly from 19 to 31 days p.i. In contrast, Abs to ML increased from day 10, peaked on day 19 and remained high until the end of the study. Abs bound strongly at least to three NBL components of 188, 205 and 49 kDa. NBL antigen of 188 and 205 kDa were recognized 10-26 days p.i. and that of 49 kDa from day 10 to day 31 p.i. A weak recognition towards antigens of 52, 54, 62 and 83 kDa was also observed during the infection. An early recognition of 31, 43, 45, 55, 68 and 85 kDa ML antigens was observed whereas the response to those of 43, 45, 48, 60, 64 and 97 kDa (described previously as TSL-1 antigens) occurred late in the infection. A follow-up of antigen recognition up to day 61 with the optimal immunization dose (2000 ML) evidenced a decline of Ab production to the 49 kDa NBL antigen 42 days p.i., which suggested antigenic differences with the previously reported 43 kDa ML antigen strongly recognized late in the infection. To analyze the stage-specificity of the 49 kDa NBL antigen, polyclonal antibodies (PoAb) were obtained in rats immunized with 49 kDa NBL antigen. PoAb reacted strongly with the 49 kDa NBL component in NBL total soluble extract but no reactivity was observed with soluble antigen of the other T. spiralis stages. Albeit with less intensity, the 49 kDa component was also recognized by PoAb together with other antigens of 53, 97 and 107 kDa, in NBL excretory-secretory products (NBL-ESP). Thus, our results reveal differences in the kinetics of anti-NBL and ML Ab responses. While anti-NBL Abs declined slowly from day 19 until the end of the experiment, Abs to ML antigen remained high in the same period. It is remarkable the optimal Ab response to NBL antigens with 2000 ML infective dose and the reduced number of NBL antigens identified throughout the experimental T. spiralis infection, standing out the immunodominant 49 kDa antigen. Interestingly, this antigen, which was prominently expressed in NBL somatic proteins, was also detected in NBL-ESP. 相似文献
42.
A detailed one-dimensional model for combustion of a single biomass particle is presented. It accounts for particle heating up, pyrolysis, char gasification and oxidation and gas phase reactions within and in the vicinity of the particle. The biomass pyrolysis is assumed to take place through three competing reactions yielding char, light gas and tar. The model is validated using different sets of experiments reported in the literature. Special emphasis is placed on examination of the effects of pyrolysis kinetic constants and gas phase reactions on the combustion process which have not been thoroughly discussed in previous works. It is shown that depending on the process condition and reactor temperature, correct selection of the pyrolysis kinetic data is a necessary step for simulation of biomass particle conversion. The computer program developed for the purpose of this study enables one to get a deeper insight into the biomass particle combustion process. 相似文献
43.
44.
Understanding the mechanisms of inhibitors of translation termination may inform development of new antibacterials and therapeutics for premature termination diseases. We report the crystal structure of the potent termination inhibitor blasticidin S bound to the ribosomal 70S?release factor 1 (RF1) termination complex. Blasticidin S shifts the catalytic domain 3 of RF1 and restructures the peptidyl transferase center. Universally conserved uridine 2585 in the peptidyl transferase center occludes the catalytic backbone of the GGQ motif of RF1, explaining the structural mechanism of inhibition. Rearrangement of domain 3 relative to the codon-recognition domain 2 provides insight into the dynamics of RF1 implicated in termination accuracy. 相似文献
45.
Rhizobial symbiosis is known to increase the nitrogen availability in the rhizosphere of legumes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that other plants’ roots should forage towards legume neighbours, but avoid non-legume neighbours. Yet, root distribution responding to legume plants as opposed to non-legumes has not yet been rigorously tested and might well be subject to integration of multiple environmental cues.In this study, wedevised an outdoor mesocosm experiment to examine root distributions of the two plant species Pilosella officinarum and Arenaria serpyllifolia in a two-factorial design. While one factor was ‘neighbour identity’, where plants were exposed to different legume or non-legume neighbours, the other factor was ‘nitrogen supply’. In the latter the nutrient-poor soil was supplemented with either nitrogen-free or with nitrogen-containing fertilizer.Unexpectedly, of all treatments that included a legume neighbour (eight different species or factor combinations), we found merely one case of root aggregation towards a legume neighbour (P. officinarum towards Medicago minima under nitrogen-fertilized conditions). In this very treatment, also P. officinarum root–shoot allocation was strongly increased, indicating that neighbour recognition is coupled with a contesting strategy.Considering the various response modes of the tested species towards the different legume and non-legume neighbours, we can conclude that roots integrate information on neighbour identity and resource availability in a complex manner. Especially the integration of neighbour identity in root decisions must be a vital aptitude for plants to cope with their complex biotic and abiotic environment in the field. 相似文献
46.
M Cohn 《Biochimie》1985,67(1):9-27
Two concepts of the evolution and regulation of expression of the combining site repertoire of the immune system, are compared. One view is based on the Associative Recognition Theory as formulated by the author and the other is based on the Idiotype Network Idea as conceived by Jerne. The two concepts are analyzed from the point of view of their logic, internal consistency and factual support. 相似文献
47.
Ana Saurí Silvia Tamborero Arthur E. Johnson Ismael Mingarro 《Journal of molecular biology》2009,387(1):113-582
The targeting, insertion, and topology of membrane proteins have been extensively studied in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, the mechanisms used by viral membrane proteins to generate the correct topology within cellular membranes are less well understood. Here, the effect of flanking charges and the hydrophobicity of the N-terminal hydrophobic segment on viral membrane protein topogenesis are examined systematically. Experimental data reveal that the classical topological determinants have only a minor effect on the overall topology of p9, a plant viral movement protein. Since only a few individual sequence alterations cause an inversion of p9 topology, its topological stability is robust. This result further indicates that the protein has multiple, and perhaps redundant, structural features that ensure that it always adopts the same topology. These critical topogenic sequences appear to be recognized and acted upon from the initial stages of protein biosynthesis, even before the ribosome ends protein translation. 相似文献
48.
I. Ravikumar 《Inorganica chimica acta》2010,363(12):2886-520
Syntheses and crystal structures of tren-based amide, L1, N,N′,N″-tris[(2-amino-ethyl)-4-nitro-benzamide] and L2, N,N′,N″-tris[(2-amino-ethyl)-2-nitro-benzamide] are reported and compared with previously published tripodal amide receptor L3, N,N′,N″-tris[(2-amino-ethyl)-3-nitro-benzamide]. The crystallographic results show intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions between two arms of the tripodal receptor and two other adjacent molecules in cases of L1 and L2 whereas in addition to the above interactions an aromatic π···π stacking among tripodal arms is also observed in L3. Receptors L1, L2 and L3 having electron withdrawing -NO2 substituted (para, ortho and meta, respectively) phenyl moieties are explored toward their solution state anion binding properties and selectivity studies. The substantial changes in chemical shifts are observed for the amide protons (-NH) and aromatic protons (-CH) with F− and Cl− in cases of L1 and L3, and only with F− for L2, indicating the participation of -NH and -CH protons in the solution state binding events. Binding constants for the above cases are calculated by 1H NMR titration upon monitoring the -NH signal. Receptor L2 shows exclusive selectivity toward F− in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The structural aspects of binding I−, ClO4− and SiF62− with the monoprotonated L1, L1H+·I−·DMF (1), L1H+·ClO4−·DMF (2) and L1H+·0.5SiF62−·H2O (3), respectively are examined crystallographically. Anion binding with multiple receptor units is observed via amide N-H···anion as well as aryl C-H···anion hydrogen-bonding interactions in all the complexes as observed in cases of previously reported crystal structures of anionic complexes of protonated L3. The aryl group having nitro functionality that contributes to solution state anion binding with the neutral receptor and solid state coordination in complexes 1-3 through CH···anion interactions is noteworthy. 相似文献
49.
The 2-methallyl complex [(η5-C9H7)Ru(η3-2-MeC3H4)(PPh3)] (3), prepared from [(η5-C9H7)Ru(PPh3)2Cl] (2) and 2-MeC3H4MgCl, reacts with HX (X = Cl, CF3CO2) in the presence of ethene to give the chiral-at-metal compounds [(η5-C9H7)Ru(C2H4)(PPh3)X] (4, 5) in nearly quantitative yields. Treatment of 2 with AgPF6 and ethene affords [(η5-C9H7)Ru(C2H4)(PPh3)2]PF6 (6), which reacts with acetone to give the substitution product [(η5-C9H7)Ru(OCMe2)(PPh3)2]PF6 (7). The molecular structure of 7 has been determined crystallographically. Whereas treatment of 4 with CH(CO2Et)N2 yields the olefin complex [(η5-C9H7)Ru{η2-(Z)-C2H2(CO2Et)2}(PPh3)Cl] (8), the reactions of 4 and 5 with Ph2CN2, PhCHN2 and (Me3Si)CHN2 lead to the formation of the carbeneruthenium(II) derivatives [(η5-C9H7)Ru(CRR′)(PPh3)Cl] (9-11) and [(η5-C9H7)Ru(CRR′)(PPh3)(κ1-O2CCF3)] (12-14), respectively. Treatment of 9 (R = R′ = Ph), 10 (R = H, R′ = Ph) and 11 (R = H, R′ = SiMe3) with MeLi produces the hydrido(olefin) complexes [(η5-C9H7)RuH(η2-CH2CPh2)(PPh3)] (15), [(η5-C9H7)RuH(η2-CH2CHPh)(PPh3)] (18a,b) and [(η5-C9H7)RuH(η2-CH2CHSiMe3)(PPh3)] (19) via C-C coupling and β-hydride shift. The analogous reactions of 11 with PhLi gives the η3-benzyl compound [(η5-C9H7)Ru{η3-(Me3Si)CHC6H5}(PPh3)] (20). The η3-allyl complex [(η5-C9H7)Ru(η3-1-PhC3H4)(PPh3)] (17) was prepared from 10 and CH2CHMgBr by nucleophilic attack. 相似文献
50.
Fausto Calderazzo Author Vitae Author Vitae Guido Pampaloni Author Vitae 《Inorganica chimica acta》2009,362(12):4291-4297
Redox processes consisting of disproportionation and syn-proportionation are reviewed with special attention to metal complexes containing carbon-based ligands, i.e. carbon monoxide or unsaturated hydrocarbons. An introduction and a survey of reactions aimed to show the large applicability of syn-proportionation reactions in the field of coordination chemistry, is followed by examples of the use of these redox processes for the preparation of catalytic precursors. The latter studies derive from the idea that if a syn-proportionation reaction can be carried out between two complexes containing different metals in different oxidation states, inter-metallic systems could be formed which may act as active catalysts, e.g. for polymerization reactions. 相似文献