膏桐花粉活力与柱头可授性及其生殖特性研究

采用TTC法测定了膏桐花粉的活力和寿命,用联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定其柱头可授期,以套袋结果检测花粉活力与柱头可授性的变化,以研究柱头颜色变化与柱头可授性的关系以及开花式样对生殖成功的影响.结果表明:(1)膏桐雄花单花花期一般为2 d,花后0~9 h内花粉活力相对较高,24~33 h后花粉活力较低,48 h后花粉基本无活力.(2)膏桐雌花单花期为5~12 d,柱头可授性在花后1~4 d最强,5~8 d可授性开始逐渐降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)膏桐柱头表面无明显的渗出物,柱头的可授性与柱头颜色的变化相关,柱头绿色越多,柱头可授性越强;遇降雨时,少量雌花的花瓣展开而柱头仍呈球状,或者花瓣不展开而柱头先伸出,此时柱头可授性较差.(4)膏桐常表现为雄性先熟,尽管雌花数目较少,但开放速率较快,且集中在第3~5天开放,雌花开放完毕也仍有雄花未开放,为展开后的柱头留有较长时间等候昆虫传送花粉,为保障生殖成功提供了机会,但少数花序先开雌花,后开雄花,有支持异交而降低自交的倾向.     

The mating-induced refractoriness of Lucilia cuprina females: manipulating the male contribution

Abstract Three manipulations of the male contribution to copulation were used to investigate what determines the switch-off of female receptivity that follows mating in Lucilia cuprina. Multiple matings by males led to a reduction in their effectiveness at switching-off females: the first twelve matings caused more than 50% of females to be switched-off 1 day after mating, while the first four matings caused more than 50% of females to be switched-off for 7 days after mating. Males mated up to twenty-three times and on average ten times during 10 h of continuous access to virgin females. The number of sperm transferred declined logarithmically through a series of matings as did the quantity of material transferred from the male accessory gland (measured as radiolabeled material) through the first six matings. Overnight isolation of multiply-mated males led to considerable recovery of their ability to switch-off females, and to limited renewal of their ability to transfer sperm. Castrated males transferred similar quantities of accessory gland material to females as did sham-operated males during their first five matings and in their first three matings switched-off 95% of females for 1 day but only 48% for 7 days. When normal mating pairs were separated at increasing intervals after coupling, an increasing proportion of females were switched-off at 1 or 7 days afterward. 7 days after 2 min matings no females were switched-off though 40% of the number of sperm transferred in a full mating had been transferred by this time. The proposed explanation for these data is that both the initial switch-off and its duration are determined by the quantity of a receptivity-inhibiting substance that normally enters the female haemo-lymph after being injected by the male into the wall of the bursa copulatrix. It is proposed that when castrated males mate, an absence of sperm results in most accessory gland secretion entering the empty spermathecae (rather than the wall of the bursa as usually occurs) and hence being unable to reach the haemolymph and exert its influence. The effective dose of the receptivity-inhibiting substance is measured on a logarithmic scale.     

Causes and correlates of loss and recovery of sexual receptivity inLucilia cuprina females after their first mating

After an initial mating, females of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina(Diptera: Calliphoridae), rejected mating attempts by males for several days. Almost all (>98%) females were unreceptive 24 h after mating. When tested 9 days after mating receptivity had returned in 24% of females denied the opportunity to oviposit and 45% of females given repeated opportunities to oviposit on liver. Those mated females that regained receptivity mated as readily as virgins. Gravid first-, second-, or third-cycle females that did not oviposit when presented with liver had a higher receptivity than those that laid. These non-layers laid after remating. Injection of 1 male equivalent of an extract of male accessory reproductive glands into virgin females switched off their receptivity within 5 h for at least 8 days. An extract of testis reduced receptivity 5 h after injection but had no detectable effect 3 days after injection. Both extracts increased the tendency of virgin females to oviposit. There was no difference in the sperm stores of females that refused to lay a second egg mass and comprised a high percentage of receptive females and those given no opportunity to lay this egg mass.     

Identification of acoustic stimuli that mediate sexual behavior inDrosophila busckii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

We have shown that D. busckiimales and females, unlike other drosophilids that have been analyzed in this regard, court and copulate as well in relatively dim red light as they do in bright white light. We have also shown that males and females of this species flutter their wings during courtship and that wing fluttering in both sexes is associated with acoustic stimuli. Wingless males perform vigorous courtship but are incapable of mating, suggesting that females must perceive male song to be receptive to copulation. When they are tested with normal males, wingless females stimulate vigorous courtship, but their copulation frequencies are significantly lower than winged females. This observation suggests that perception of the female's song by either or both sexes facilitates mating.     

The effect of prior housing conditions on the sexual receptivity of females of the blowfly,Lucilia cuprina

Sexual receptivity in sugar-and-water-fed females of the anautogenous blowfly Lucilia cuprinawas low when they had been housed in groups but high when they had been housed singly. Females were completely unreceptive on the second and third days after emergence, irrespective of housing conditions. There after receptivity increased but more rapidly in the singly housed females. Experiments in which females were housed singly for some days and then in groups, or vice versa, showed that receptivity could be influenced by housing conditions experienced both over the first 5 days after emergence and later in life.     

Multiple mating and inseminating potential of Glossina pallidipes

In the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen multiple mating of females and the inseminating capacity of males was investigated with the aim of economizing on the number of males in mass rearing. Forty five percent of mated but uninseminated females and 9% of inseminated females remated.Virgin males inseminated four times in succession and remained eager to copulate thereafter. Restoration of the inseminating ability took 2 h rest. Experienced and virgin males were equally successful at mating. Insemination occurred during the last 30 s of the copulation and one male inseminated nine females on the average. Females mated in a 1:1 or a 1:3 / ratio were equally productive. The females that were mated in a 1:3 ratio survived better.Series of three successive matings, alternated with periods of rest, showed that the males did not regain their original inseminating capacity. In the first series all three mates were inseminated, but in subsequent series only the first and the second. An efficacious reduction of the number of males to 20% of the number of females to be mated may be possible by using the males first in a 1:3 and subsequently in a 1:2 / ratio.

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Résumé Afin d'économiser le nombre de mâles à maintenir dans des élevages de masse pour des études sur les méthodes de protection contre Glossina pallidipes, les accouplements multiples des mâles et des femelles ont été étudiés au laboratoire.7 à 9 jours après leur émergence, les femelles ont eu pour la première fois la possibilité de s'accoupler avec des mâles vierges ou non. La réceptivité lors des accouplements ultérieurs a été testée immédiatement après le premier accouplement. 45% des femelles non inséminées se réaccouplent. Parmi les femelles inséminées, seulement 9% copulent à nouveau dans les 6 h qui suivent le premier accouplement.Les mâles présentés à une succession de femelles restaient avides de copuler, mais la majorité était incapable de les inséminer après la 4ème copulation; la restauration du pouvoir fertilisant demandait une période de repos de 2 h.En laboratoire, les mâles vierges ou expérimentés ne présentaient aucun avantage sexuel les uns par rapport aux autres. Les femelles semblaient avoir été inséminées dans les 30 dernières secondes de la copulation.Aucune différence de productivité n'a été observée quand les accouplements ont eu lieu avec 1 mâle pour 1 ou 3 femelles.Des séries de 3 accouplements successifs, alternant avec des periodes de repos, ont montré que le pouvoir fertilisant ne retrouvait pas son niveau initial. Dans les premières séries, toutes les 3 femelles ont été inséminées, mais dans les séries ultérieures seulement la 1ère et la 2nde. En moyenne, un maximum de 9 femelles était inséminé, marqué par un remplissage de la spermathèque de plus de 50% ou une fécondité supérieure à 0,8. Une réduction efficace du nombre de mâles, au cinquième de celui des femelles à accoupler, est possible en utilisant d'abord 1 mâle pour 3 femelles et ensuite 1 mâle pour 2 femelles.

     

Effects of GnRH antagonist on endometrial protein profiles in the window of implantation

GnRH antagonists can suppress luteinizing hormone and follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), with less initial stimulatory effect and lower risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The effects of GnRH antagonists on embryonic implantation remain controversial. To evaluate the effects of GnRH antagonists, endometrial tissues were biopsied from 12 women with intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment, in which four subjects undergoing controlled ovulation stimulation with rFSH and GnRH antagonist, four subjects with a GnRH agonist long protocol, and four natural cycle controls. After iTRAQ quantification analysis, 24 proteins showed differential expression between natural cycle and agonist treatment group and 39 proteins between natural cycle and antagonist treatment group. A total of seven proteins demonstrated differential expression only in antagonist treatment group. Bioinformatic analysis implied these proteins can function in cell processes including angiogenesis, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and immune response. Furthermore, GnRH antagonist suppressed the function of GNAS and ANPEP, which were important for endometrial functions. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ANPEP was mainly localized in the human endometrial stroma, while ACO2, CDC5L, and GNAS were mainly localized in the glands. This study could provide insights into the effect of GnRH antagonists on the endometrium, and help optimize the embryo implantation and improve the success rate for GnRH antagonist protocol.     

The Drosophila TRPA channel, Painless, regulates sexual receptivity in virgin females

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play crucial roles in sensory perception. Expression of the Drosophila painless ( pain ) gene, a homolog of the mammalian TRPA1/ANKTM1 gene, in the peripheral nervous system is required for avoidance behavior of noxious heat or wasabi. In this study, we report a novel role of the Pain TRP channel expressed in the nervous system in the sexual receptivity in Drosophila virgin females. Compared with wild-type females, pain mutant females copulated with wild-type males significantly earlier. Wild-type males showed comparable courtship latency and courtship index toward wild-type and pain mutant females. Therefore, the early copulation observed in wild-type male and pain mutant female pairs is the result of enhanced sexual receptivity in pain mutant females. Involvement of pain in enhanced female sexual receptivity was confirmed by rescue experiments in which expression of a pain transgene in a pain mutant background restored the female sexual receptivity to the wild-type level. Targeted expression of pain RNA interference (RNAi) in putative cholinergic or GABAergic neurons phenocopied the mutant phenotype of pain females. However, target expression of pain RNAi in dopaminergic neurons did not affect female sexual receptivity. In addition, conditional suppression of neurotransmission in putative GABAergic neurons resulted in a similar enhanced sexual receptivity. Our results suggest that Pain TRP channels expressed in cholinergic and/or GABAergic neurons are involved in female sexual receptivity.     

Different Stimuli Reduce Attraction to Pollinators in Male and Female Figs in the Dioecious Fig Ficus hispida

Fig trees ( Ficus ) and their obligate pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Agaonidae) are a classic example of a coevolved mutualism. Pollinating wasps are attracted to figs only when figs are receptive. It has been shown that figs will lose their attraction to pollinators sooner in monoecious and male dioecious figs when multiple pollinators have entered the enclosed inflorescence. However, little is known about the nature of the stimulus inducing the loss of attraction. By conducting experiments on the functionally dioecious fig, Ficus hispida , we show that (1) different stimuli induce the loss of attraction in each sex, pollination in female figs, and oviposition in male figs; and (2) foundress number affects the loss of attraction in both sexes only when the prerequisites ( i.e ., pollination in female figs and oviposition in male figs) have been satisfied. In general, the more foundresses that enter, the earlier the fig will lose its receptivity. We argue that the stimuli in male and female figs are adaptations to the fulfillment of its respective reproduction.