全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3809篇 |
免费 | 329篇 |
国内免费 | 529篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 11篇 |
2023年 | 44篇 |
2022年 | 65篇 |
2021年 | 89篇 |
2020年 | 112篇 |
2019年 | 156篇 |
2018年 | 141篇 |
2017年 | 129篇 |
2016年 | 137篇 |
2015年 | 146篇 |
2014年 | 188篇 |
2013年 | 340篇 |
2012年 | 153篇 |
2011年 | 181篇 |
2010年 | 146篇 |
2009年 | 179篇 |
2008年 | 197篇 |
2007年 | 214篇 |
2006年 | 182篇 |
2005年 | 164篇 |
2004年 | 157篇 |
2003年 | 157篇 |
2002年 | 150篇 |
2001年 | 112篇 |
2000年 | 99篇 |
1999年 | 92篇 |
1998年 | 84篇 |
1997年 | 98篇 |
1996年 | 93篇 |
1995年 | 94篇 |
1994年 | 70篇 |
1993年 | 61篇 |
1992年 | 64篇 |
1991年 | 56篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 30篇 |
1987年 | 24篇 |
1986年 | 30篇 |
1985年 | 21篇 |
1984年 | 24篇 |
1983年 | 31篇 |
1982年 | 20篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 20篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有4667条查询结果,搜索用时 281 毫秒
81.
82.
Radical-pair decay kinetics and molecular triplet quantum yields at various magnetic fields are reported for quinone-depleted reaction centers from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R26. The radical-pair decay is observed by picosecond absorption spectroscopy to be a single exponential to within the experimental uncertainty at all fields. The decay time increases from 13 ns at zero field to 17 ns at 1 kG, and decreases to 9 ns at 50 kG. The orientation averaged quantum yield of formation of the molecular triplet of the primary electron donor, 3P, drops to 47% of its zero-field value at 1 kG and rises to 126% at 50 kG. Combined analysis of these data gives a singlet radical-pair decay rate constant of 5 · 107s?1, a lower limit for the triplet radical-pair decay rate constant of 1 · 108s?1 and a lower limit for the quantum yield of radical-pair decay by the triplet channel of 38% at zero field. The upper limit of the quantum yield of 3P formation at zero field is measured to be 32%. In order to explain this apparent discrepancy, decay of the radical pair by the triplet channel must lead to some rapid ground state formation as well as some 3P formation. It is proposed that the triplet radical pair decays to a triplet charge-transfer state which is strongly coupled to the ground state by spin-orbit interactions. Several possibilities for this charge-transfer state are discussed. 相似文献
83.
Junichi Kitajima Tetsuya Komori Toshio Kawasaki Hans-rolf Schulten 《Phytochemistry》1982,21(1):187-192
From the aerial parts of Fritillaria thunbergii, three glycosidal Solanum alkaloids (basic steroid saponins) were isolated together with minor 相似文献
84.
Guy K. Smith Stephen F. Cleary 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1983,763(4):325-331
The effects of pulsed electric fields on cell membranes were investigated. In vitro exposure of mouse splenocytes to a single high-voltage pulse resulted in an increase in membrane permeability that was dependent on both the electric field strength and the pulse duration. Exposure to a 2 μs, 3.0 kV/cm pulse resulted in the induction of a 1.26 V transmembrane potential, and elicited a 50% loss of intracellular K+. These results are in agreement with previous studies of the effects of pulsed electric fields on erythrocytes and microorganisms. The effect of pulsed electric fields on the functional integrity of lymphocytes was i vestigated by measuring [3H]thymidine incorporation by cells cultured in the presence and absence of various mitogens following exposure to an electrical pulse. No statistically significant effects on the response of mouse spleen lymphocytes to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin or lipopolysaccharide were observed following exposure to 2 μs electric pulses at amplitudes of up to 3.5 kV/cm. Exposure to a single 10 μs pulse of 2.4–3.5 kV/cm produced a statistically significant reduction in the response of lymphocytes to lipopolysaccharide stimulation that was attributed to cell death. 相似文献
85.
The effect of secretin on behavioral and physiological functions in the rat was investigated. Secretin injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) significantly increased defecation and decreased novel-object approaches in rats. The peptide showed no significant effects on stereotypic behavior (gnawing, grooming and rearing), open-field locomotor activity however was significantly decreased, an effect that was probably due to a decreased propensity for the rats to initiate locomotor responses. In addition, secretin showed significant effects on respiration rate in anesthetized rats. When the peptide was injected in the lateral ventricle a decrease in respiration rate occurred, but when the brain was perfused from the lateral ventricle to the cisterna magna increases in respiration rate occurred. These data, combined with the facts that secretin and secretin receptors have been identified in the brain indicate that secretin may play a neurotransmitter or neuroregulator role in the central nervous system. 相似文献
86.
为了从能流动态来研究稻田生物群落,本文用田间调查和实验室测定等方法,取得了晚稻田生物群落的物种数量、生物量、热值、呼吸量、生产力、同化效率、摄食量等数据。据此,进一步估算了晚稻田生物群落的能量流动参数。根据其能量收支,用能量金字塔总结了晚稻田生物群落各类种群间的能量关系。 相似文献
87.
To determine whether soil disturbance by digging and burrowing mammals altered community structure and the rate of succession in a midsuccessional abandoned pasture, species richness, composition and relative abundance were monitored over a two year period both on and off artificially created earth mounds (100, 900, 8100 cm2). Mean species richness increased by up to two species per small mound (100 cm2) and by up to four species per large mound (8100 cm2). However, increased species richness was evident for less than two years. Initially, up to sixteen of the twenty species present occurred more often on earth mounds than off mounds, with two of these species found only on large mounds (8100 cm2). After two years, there was little or no significant difference in species composition and relative frequency on and off earth mounds. Experimental soil disturbance temporarily altered community structure simply by increasing space available for colonization since light, nutrient and water supply did not increase significantly on mounds. Soil disturbance can increase species richness and change species' relative frequency in disturbances as small as 100 cm2 but such changes were likely too small and short lived to alter permanently the structure and rate of succession in the abandoned pasture studied here. 相似文献
88.
C. Kjær-Pedersen 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1992,62(1):61-66
The influence of host odour, windspeed, position of the sun, and temperature on flight behaviour of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Ceutorhynchus assimilis Paykull) were studied. This weevil showed a positive anemotaxis (upwind flight) inside the odour plume of a host crop (Brassica napus L.). Outside the odour plume the weevil showed a pronounced phototaxis at windspeeds below 1.5 m/s. At higher windspeeds, the seedpod weevils flew downwind. The cabbage seedpod weevil flies most readily at low windspeeds (less than 0.5 m/s) and at temperatures above 22 °C. 相似文献
89.
Robert D. Hall Gerard J. A. Rouwendal Frans A. Krens 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1992,234(2):315-324
As part of an investigation into whether it would be possible to use UV radiation as a suitable pretreatment of the donor cells in asymmetric hybridization experiments, the effects of this treatment on sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) protoplast DNA have been determined and compared with those of gamma radiation. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNAs have been examined. The dose ranges chosen had previously been determined to be potentially applicable for fusion experiments. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and standard agarose gel electrophoresis have been used in combination with laser scanning densitometry to gain an insight into the precise nature and degree of DNA damage resulting from irradiation. It was observed that UV radiation introduced substantial modifications to sugarbeet DNA. Double-strand breaks were detected, the number of which was found to be directly proportional to the dose applied. Such breaks indicate that UV radiation results in substantial chromosome/chromatid fragmentation in these cells. Chemical modifications to the DNA structure could be revealed by a significant reduction in DNA hybridization to specific mitochondrial and nuclear DNA probes. Following gamma irradiation at equivalent biological doses (i.e. those just sufficient to prevent colony formation) much less damage was detected. Fewer DNA fragments were produced indicating the presence of fewer double-strand breaks in the DNA structure. In comparison to UV treatments, DNA hybridization to specific probes following gamma radiation was inhibited less. For both treatments, mitochondrial DNA appeared more sensitive to damage than nuclear DNA. The possibility that DNA repair processes might account for these differences has also been investigated. Results indicate either that repair processes are not involved in the effects observed or that DNA repair occurs so fast that it was not possible to demonstrate such involvement with the experimental system used. The general relevance of such processes to asymmetric cell hybridization is discussed. 相似文献
90.
Peter Meyer Felicitas Linn Iris Heidmann Heiner Meyer Ingrid Niedenhof Heinz Saedler 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1992,231(3):345-352
Summary 30000 transgenic petunia plants carrying a single copy of the maize A1 gene, encoding a dihydroflavonol reductase, which confers a salmon red flower colour phenotype on the petunia plant, were grown in a field test. During the growing season plants with flowers deviating from this salmon red colour, such as those showing white or variegated phenotypes and plants with flowers exhibiting only weak pigmentation were observed with varying frequencies. While four white flowering plants were shown at the molecular level to be mutants in which part of the A1 gene had been deleted, other white flowering plants, as well as 13 representative plants tested out of a total of 57 variegated individuals were not mutants but rather showed hypermethylation of the 35S promoter directing A1 gene expression. This was in contrast to the homogeneous fully red flowering plants in which no methylation of the 35S promoter was observed. While blossoms on plants flowering early in the season were predominantly red, later flowers on the same plants showed weaker coloration. Once again the reduction of the A1-specific phenotype correlated with the methylation of the 35S promoter. This variation in coloration seems to be dependent not only on exogenous but also on endogenous factors such as the age of the parental plant from which the seed was derived or the time at which crosses were made. 相似文献