全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2928篇 |
免费 | 640篇 |
国内免费 | 336篇 |
专业分类
3904篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 19篇 |
2023年 | 151篇 |
2022年 | 120篇 |
2021年 | 187篇 |
2020年 | 250篇 |
2019年 | 283篇 |
2018年 | 208篇 |
2017年 | 226篇 |
2016年 | 218篇 |
2015年 | 190篇 |
2014年 | 271篇 |
2013年 | 249篇 |
2012年 | 187篇 |
2011年 | 188篇 |
2010年 | 115篇 |
2009年 | 163篇 |
2008年 | 135篇 |
2007年 | 131篇 |
2006年 | 97篇 |
2005年 | 67篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 44篇 |
2001年 | 34篇 |
2000年 | 29篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 24篇 |
1997年 | 25篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 18篇 |
1994年 | 21篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 6篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 6篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 2篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3904条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
Jonathan A. Bennett James F. Cahill 《Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics》2013,15(6):328-337
Whether or not niche conservatism is common is widely debated. Despite this uncertainty, closely related species are often assumed to be ecologically similar. This principle has led to the proposed use of phylogenetic information in forecasting species responses to environmental change. Tests of niche conservatism often focus on ‘functional traits’ and environmental tolerances, but there have been limited tests for conservatism in species’ responses to changes in the environment, especially in the field. The prevalence of functional convergence and the likelihood of functional trade-offs in a heterogeneous environment suggest that conservatism of the response niche is unlikely to be detectable under natural conditions. To test the relevance of evolutionary information in predicting ecological responses, we tested for conservatism (measured as phylogenetic signal) of grassland plant population responses to 14 treatments (e.g. light, nutrients, water, enemies, mutualists), each manipulated for 2–3 years, and 4 treatment categories (aboveground, belowground, resource, and herbivory) at a single site. Individual treatment responses showed limited evidence of conservatism, with only weak conservatism in plant responses to mycorrhizae and grazing. Aspects of the response niche were conserved among monocots both aboveground and belowground, although the pattern varied. Conservatism was limited to grazing aboveground, but belowground responses were conserved as a group, suggesting fundamental differences in how selection has led to niche conservatism in aboveground and belowground environments. Overall, our results suggest that conservatism of the response niche is not common, but is actually rare. As such, evolutionary relationships are likely to be of limited relevance for predicting species responses under field conditions, at least over the short time scales used in this study. 相似文献
137.
Niche theory predicts that few closely related species can co‐occur because such species tend to be ecologically similar and niche differentiation is required to avoid competitive exclusion. We analyse the co‐occurrence of a remarkable 10–15 species of the ant genus Monomorium occurring within single 10 × 10 m plots in a tropical savanna of northern Australia. Most of the species are undescribed, so we use genetic analysis to validate our species demarcations. We document nest dispersion patterns, and investigate differentiation in the three primary niche dimensions: space, time and food. We also examine species differences in competitive abilities, by describing rates of foraging activity, foraging ranges, worker aggression, and levels of behavioural dominance. Analyses of nest and forager distributions showed very limited evidence of spatial segregation within plots. The great majority of species foraged either exclusively or primarily during daylight hours. Body size and isotopic analyses indicated very limited dietary differentiation. Such limited niche partitioning occurred despite the species differing markedly in their competitive abilities as measured by rates of resource discovery, recruitment and monopolization. Our findings defy the traditional assumption that multiple closely related and ecologically similar species of highly interactive taxa cannot co‐occur. It seems very likely that species coexistence in our study system is determined to a very large degree by stochastic processes relating to dispersal and establishment, as predicted by neutral theory. However, neutral theory assumes competitive equivalence, whereas we found very marked differences in the competitive abilities of our co‐occurring species. We suggest that competitive exclusion is prevented by the modular nature of ant colonies, with competition limiting colony performance but not preventing occurrence. We conclude that other factors that allow species persistence, and not just competitive equivalence, can allow dispersal and establishment processes to drive species coexistence. 相似文献
138.
Michael R. Kearney 《Ecology letters》2013,16(12):1470-1479
Correlative analyses predict that anthropogenic climate warming will cause widespread extinction but the nature and generality of the underlying mechanisms is unclear. Warming‐induced activity restriction has been proposed as a general explanatory mechanism for recent population extinctions in lizards, and has been used to forecast future extinction. Here, I test this hypothesis using globally applied biophysical calculations of the effects of warming and shade reduction on potential activity time and whole‐life‐cycle energy budgets. These ‘thermodynamic niche’ analyses show that activity restriction from climate warming is unlikely to provide a general explanation of recent extinctions, and that loss of shade is viable alternative explanation. Climate warming could cause population declines, even under increased activity potential, through joint impacts on fecundity and mortality rates. However, such responses depend strongly on behaviour, habitat (shade, food) and life history, all of which should be explicitly incorporated in mechanistic forecasts of extinction risk under climate change. 相似文献
139.
Jani Heino 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2013,88(1):166-178
Most bioassessment programs rest on the assumption that species have different niches, and that abiotic environmental conditions and changes therein determine community structure. This assumption is thus equivalent to the species sorting perspective (i.e. that species differ in their responses to environmental variation) in metacommunity ecology. The degree to which basing bioassessment on the species sorting perspective is reasonable is likely to be related to the spatial extent of a study and the characteristics of the organism groups (e.g. dispersal ability) with which the effects of anthropogenic changes are assessed. Recent findings in metacommunity research have stressed that community structure is determined not only by local abiotic environmental conditions but also by biotic interactions and dispersal‐related effects. For example, dispersal limitation may prevent community structure recovery from the effects of a putative stressor, as organisms may not be able to disperse to all sites in a region. Mass effects (i.e. the presence of species in environmentally suboptimal sites due to high dispersal rates from environmentally suitable sites) may, in turn, obscure the effects of a stressor, as dispersal from source sites (e.g. an unaltered site) allows persistence at sink sites (e.g. an anthropogenically altered site). Better bioassessment should thus take both niche‐ and dispersal‐related processes simultaneously into consideration, which can be accomplished by explicitly modelling spatial location as a proxy for dispersal effects. Such an integrated approach should be included in bioassessment programs using general multivariate approaches, predictive modelling, and multimetric indices. 相似文献
140.