湖泊生态系统弹性系数理论及其应用

在湖泊生态系统健康评价的基础上,分析城市湖泊营养状态的特殊性,论证得出响应型和非响应型湖泊的生态系统健康指数(EHI)与营养状态指数(TSI)近似呈二次函数关系.提出湖泊生态系统弹性系数,对生态系统健康指数(EHI)做出适当改进.改进后的生态系统健康指数(EHI′)能够更好地反映各类型湖泊的健康状态,完善了Xu等的EHI理论并扩展了其应用范围,是目前最为接近Costanza对HI定义的可量化计算的数学公式和方法,并成功用于厦门杏林湾生态系统健康评价.     

Experimental evaluation of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes at low parasitaemia levels in infected hosts

In Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) endemic areas, there are a number of subjects that are positive to serological tests but in whom trypanosomes are difficult to detect with the available parasitological tests. In most cases and particularly in West Africa, these subjects remain untreated, thus posing a fundamental problem both at the individual level (because of a possible lethal evolution of the disease) and at the epidemiological level (since they are potential reservoirs of trypanosomes). Xenodiagnosis may constitute an alternative for this type of cases. The objective of this study was to update the use of xenodiagnosis to detect trypanosomes in infected host characterized by low parasitaemia levels. This was carried out experimentally by infecting cattle and pigs with Trypanosoma congolense and T. brucei gambiense respectively, and by feeding tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis, from the CIRDES colonies) on these animals at a time when the observed blood parasitaemia were low or undetectable by the classical microscopic parasitological tests used for the monitoring of infected animals. Our results showed that: i) the G. p. gambiensis colony at CIRDES could not be infected with the T. b. gambiense stocks used; ii) midgut infections of G. m. submorsitans were observed with both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; iii) xenodiagnosis remains positive even at very low blood parasitaemia for both T. congolense and T. b. gambiense; and iv) to implement T. b. gambiense xenodiagnosis, batches of 20 G. m. submorsitans should be dissected two days after the infective meal. These results constitute a first step toward a possible implementation of xenodiagnosis to better characterize the parasitological status of seropositive individuals and the modalities of parasite transmission in HAT foci.     

基于公众参与地理信息系统的广州大学城环境安全感评价研究

现有基于地点的校园环境安全研究主要以客观的案件数据为研究对象,未能揭示学生安全感与特定地点环境因素的内在联系。利用Maptionnaire问卷平台,以广州大学城为例,通过公众参与地理信息系统分析学生对校园交通、事故和人身财产方面的环境安全感评价及其空间分布。研究发现学生整体安全感评价较低,评价低的地点集中在高校周边公园绿地、城中村、体育场馆,评价高的地点主要位于高校用地范围内。结合对评价低的地点进行实地调研,基于环境设计预防犯罪（crime prevention through environmental design,简称CPTED）理论分析影响学生安全感的环境因素,针对相关问题提出对应的提升学生安全感的环境设计优化建议。     

A definition of unknown parent groups based on bull usage patterns across herds

In genetic evaluations, the definition of unknown parent groups (UPG) is usually based on time periods, selection path and flows of foreign founders. The definition of UPG may be more complex for populations presenting genetic heterogeneity due to both, large national expansion and coexistence of artificial insemination (AI) and natural service (NS). A UPG definition method accounting for beef bull flows was proposed and applied to the French Charolais cattle population. It assumed that, at a given time period, unknown parents belonged to the same UPG when their progeny were bred in herds that used bulls with similar origins (birth region and reproduction way). Thus, the birth period, region and AI rate of a herd were pointed out to be the three criteria reflecting genetic disparities at the national level in a beef cattle population. To deal with regional genetic disparities, 14 regions were identified using a factorial approach combining principal component analysis and Ward clustering. The selection nucleus of the French cattle population was dispersed over three main breeding areas. Flows of NS bulls were mainly carried out within each breeding area. On the contrary, the use and the selection of AI bulls were based on a national pool of candidates. Within a time period, herds of different regions were clustered together when they used bulls coming from the same origin and with an estimated difference of genetic level lower than 20% of genetic standard deviation (σg) for calf muscle and skeleton scores (SS) at weaning. This led to the definition of 16 UPG of sires, which were validated as robust and relevant in a sire model, meaning numerically stable and corresponding to distinct genetic subpopulations. The UPG genetic levels were estimated for muscle and SS under sire and animal models. Whatever the trait, differences between bull UPG estimates within a time period could reach 0.5 σg across regions. For a given time period, bull UPG estimates for muscle and SS were generally larger by 0.30 to 0.75 σg than those of cows. Including genetic groups in the evaluation model increased the estimated genetic trends by 20% to 30%. It also provoked re-ranking in favor of bulls and cows without pedigree.     

中国生物多样性在线数据处理平台的构建

高质量的生物多样性数据能够为生物多样性的研究与保护提供数据支撑。目前研究人员开发了大量的生物多样性数据处理软件或工具, 包括工作流系统、R语言包、Python语言包和Excel工具等, 但是使用这些软件或工具需要用户安装相应的软件客户端, 并掌握一定的编程语言、软件开发和复杂的Excel公式等知识和技能。为降低用户的学习成本和使用门槛, 本文采用了Browser/Server模式设计技术、Web技术、可视化技术、响应式开发技术、网络爬虫技术、数据处理技术和Solr智能检索技术等, 针对不同维度的生物多样性数据设计和开发了相应的数据处理模块, 构建了中国生物多样性在线数据处理平台(http://dp.iflora.cn/)。该平台能够有效地帮助科研人员对物种名称、地理位置、时间日期和经纬度等数据进行处理, 并提供数据格式转换、数据质量评测和资源统计分析等辅助功能, 帮助科研人员实现零代码和低门槛地处理生物多样性数据, 提供便捷、高效和简单的数据清洗、校正、转换和整合等数据处理渠道, 为生物多样性研究和保护提供信息化技术支持与服务。     

步行友好的绿道评价研究——以南京环紫金山绿道为例

绿道步行友好性评价丰富了绿道的研究内容,评价结果可为绿道的规划建设提供科学依据。以南京环紫金山绿道为例,在梳理步行友好的绿道概念的基础上,通过层次分析法评价了各段绿道的步行友好程度。结果表明：环紫金山绿道整体步行友好程度虽然较高,但各区段之间差异较大。另外,在绿道建设质量较高的前提下,步行爱好者更关注绿道的可达性、线路的安全性、清晰的标识系统、舒适宜人的服务设施以及绿道沿线高质量的视觉景观等几方面,而对绿道本身功能性要素并不是太在意。因此,规划建设城市休闲绿道时,在满足步行功能的前提下,应将行人的步行感受放在首位,而不是过度注重绿道本身的形式美。     

A truncated RHAMM protein for discovering novel therapeutic peptides

The receptor for hyaluronan mediated motility (RHAMM, gene name HMMR) belongs to a group of proteins that bind to hyaluronan (HA), a high-molecular weight anionic polysaccharide that has pro-angiogenic and inflammatory properties when fragmented. We propose to use a chemically synthesized, truncated version of the protein (706–767), 7?kDa RHAMM, as a target receptor in the screening of novel peptide-based therapeutic agents. Chemical synthesis by Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis, and optimization using pseudoprolines, results in RHAMM protein of higher purity and yield than synthesis by recombinant protein production. 7?kDa RHAMM was evaluated for its secondary structure, ability to bind the native ligand, HA, and its bioactivity. This 62-amino acid polypeptide replicates the HA binding properties of both native and recombinant RHAMM protein. Furthermore, tubulin-derived HA peptide analogues that bind to recombinant RHAMM and were previously reported to compete with HA for interactions with RHAMM, bind with a similar affinity and specificity to the 7?kDa RHAMM. Therefore, in terms of its key binding properties, the 7?kDa RHAMM mini-protein is a suitable replacement for the full-length recombinant protein.     

西部欠发达地区生态经济系统能值分析——以青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州为例

青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州（简称海西州）生态环境脆弱,快速发展的工业活动对当地生态环境造成严重破坏。海西州地处青藏高原东北部,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一,在全国生态建设中处于特殊地位。能值分析法是一种基于热力学理论的环境核算方法。利用能值分析法对海西州生态经济系统运行现状进行评估;并应用能值指标评价海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展水平;通过对能值指标的时间序列分析揭示海西州生态经济系统的发展趋势,以期为海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展提供参考依据。研究结果表明,2016年支撑海西州生态经济系统运行的总能值投入量为6.69×10²⁴ sej,是2010年总能值投入量的1.94倍。在2010-2016年的7年内,不可更新资源的能值投入占当年总能值投入量的比例均超过90%,而可更新资源能值投入量与从系统外输入到海西州的能值量占比均较低。基于能值的指标分析显示：海西州的人均能值使用量、能值密度、能值货币比率、环境负载率分别从2010年的8.84×10¹⁸ sej/人、1.15×10¹³ sej/m²、3.05×10¹⁴ sej/US$、103.02增加到2016年的1.65×10¹⁹ sej/人、2.22×10¹³ sej/m²、9.12×10¹⁴ sej/US$、213.47;而相应的能值产出率、能值可持续发展指数则分别从2010年的2.66×10³和25.84降低到2016年的1.23×10³和5.74。研究结果表明虽然海西州经济得到发展、人民生活质量得到提高,而经济发展对当地不可再生资源依赖较大,给环境造成的压力不断增加。为从长远角度实现海西州的可持续发展,亟需转变经济发展方式,降低对不可更新能源的过度开发。此外,研究结果显示,海西州的能值交换率小于1,这说明研究时间范围内,海西州在对外贸易过程中处于不利地位,因此需增加单位产品的附加值以促进能值流的合理流动。     

Techniques for Universal Evaluation of Astringency of Green Tea Infusion by the Use of a Taste Sensor System

A practical method for universal evaluation of the astringency of green tea infusion by a taste sensor system was established. The use of EGCg aqueous solution as a standard enabled analysis with high accuracy and reproducibility. The sensor output was converted into taste-intensity on the basis of Weber’s and Weber-Fechner laws, which was named the “EIT _ast ” value (“EIT” and “ast” are abbreviations for “Estimated Intensity of Taste” and “astringency” respectively). It was clarified that green tea infusion is to be classified into eight grades on the EIT _ast scale. Furthermore, the high correlation of the EIT _ast value with the human gustatory sense and the high stability of the taste sensor were proved.     

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice,a Model for Studying Human HSK

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical visits each year for treatment. Between 1 and 2 percent of those patients with clinical disease will experience loss of vision of the infected cornea. The vast majority of these cases are the result of reactivation of a latent infection by herpes simplex type I virus and not due to acute disease. Interestingly, the acute infection is the model most often used to study this disease. However, it was felt that a recurrent model of HSK would be more reflective of what occurs during clinical disease. The recurrent animal models for HSK have employed both rabbits and mice. The advantage of rabbits is that they experience reactivation from latency absent any known stimulus. That said, it is difficult to explore the role that many immunological factors play in recurrent HSK because the rabbit model does not have the immunological and genetic resources that the mouse has. We chose to use the mouse model for recurrent HSK because it has the advantage of there being many resources available and also we know when reactivation will occur because reactivation is induced by exposure to UV-B light. Thus far, this model has allowed those laboratories using it to define several immunological factors that are important to this disease. It has also allowed us to test both therapeutic and vaccine efficacy.