基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

Chemical Profile and Biological Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Piper nigrum Roots: Experimental and Computational Approaches

The current report describes the chemical investigation and biological activity of extracts produced by three fungal strains Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium simplicissimum, and Fusarium proliferatum isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum L. growing in Vietnam. These fungi were namely determined by morphological and DNA analyses. GC/MS identification revealed that the EtOAc extracts of these fungi were associated with the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. These EtOAc extracts showed cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines HepG2, inhibited various microbacterial organisms, especially fungus Aspergillus niger and yeast Candida albicans (the MIC values of 50–100 μg/mL). In α-glucosidase inhibitory assay, they induced the IC₅₀ values of 1.00-2.53 μg/mL were better than positive control acarbose (169.80 μg/mL). The EtOAc extract of F. oxysporum also showed strong anti-inflammatory activity against NO production and PGE-2 level. Four major compounds linoleic acid (37.346 %), oleic acid (27.520 %), palmitic acid (25.547 %), and stearic acid (7.030 %) from the EtOAc extract of F. oxysporum were selective in molecular docking study, by which linoleic and oleic acids showed higher binding affinity towards α-glucosidase than palmitic and stearic acids. In subsequent docking assay with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid could be moderate inhibitors.     

悬钩子属种质的评价

在进行了７省悬钩子资源调查的基础上,在南京建立了悬钩子属田间基因库。３年来对田间基因库内保存并开花结果的３０个种进行了开花结果性状的记栽和评价。内容包括果实特征,糖、酸、维生素类、氨基酸、矿质元素含量分析,染色体计数等。分析了种间和种内多样性物存在及在良种选育中利用的可能性。     

Chemicals from alternative feedstocks in the United States

Abstract: Growing industrial interest in products from renewable alternative feedstocks has resulted in the creation of more industry-led federal research and development programs. The basis of this interest is introduced, followed by an overview of the various federal programs that support basic through applied research relevant to chemical products from renewable resources, and evidence of the increased coordination efforts between programs. The majority of the paper outlines a new program within the U.S. Department of Energy, the Alternative Feedstocks Program, which specifically targets chemicals from renewables which have the potential to become part of the next generation of high-volume chemical feedstocks for the manufacturing industries. The first product of the program, an iterative process technology decision analysis tool, is broadly presented using the first process development project: succinic acid from fermentable sugars.     

Gibbard's evolutionary theory of rationality and its ethical implications

Gibbard's theory of rationality is evolutionary in terms of its result as well as its underpinning argument. The result is that judgments about what is rational are analyzed as being similar to judgments of morality — in view of what Darwin suggests concerning the latter. According to the Darwinian theory, moral judgments are based on sentiments which evolve to promote the survival and welfare of human societies. On Gibbard's theory, rationality judgments should be similarly regarded as expressing emotional attachments to behavioral norms which originate and function to coordinate social interaction. Consequently, Gibbard's theory of rationality might be used to illuminate Darwin's theory of morality, and vice versa. Additionally, as argued in the present essay, both can be further elaborated, and defended, by developing related themes in philosophical ethics: viz., connected with Hume and 20th-century emotivists. The main problem is that this general Darwinian approach faces widespread opposition nowadays, not only in ethics but in philosophy of science. The purpose of this essay is to analyze Gibbard's theory, critically and constructively, with emphasis on the pertinent commonalities in Darwin, Hume and the emotivists, while also critically addressing their common enemies. The pervasive methodological orientation is to relate this analysis to (philosophy of) science in general, and biological science in particular.     

Conservation evaluation of nine Hong Kong mangals

A comparative analysis of the conservation value of nine Hong Kong mangals spread across Hong Kong has been undertaken. The analysis is based on both biological and socio-economic attributes. Biological attributes used in the analysis include plant species richness, benthic and arboreal gastropod species richness, occurrence of rare species within each site, and site representativeness. A review of the past and present development and development plans around and within each site has been undertaken to assess the comparative degree of hazard to each mangal. The drastic decline of mangal habitats throughout Hong Kong highlights the need for conservation of what remains today. Priorities and strategies for conservation of these nine mangals are discussed with particular emphasis on the preservation of biodiversity and the management of these habitats as education and research sites.Department of Applied Biology & Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic     

移居海拔3700m高原青年体质综合评价方法的研究

在海拔３７００ｍ高原选择５０名男性青年的体重、立定跳远、引体向上、仰卧起坐、６０ｍ和２０００ｍ跑速度６项指标进行高原移居青年体制综合评价方法的研究。通过用百分位法制定各项指标评分标准,以各项指标评分相加作为体质总分,并用各项指标的简单相关系数与多元逐步回归方程的标准化偏回归系数的乘积（贡献率）分配“权重”,建立综合评价总分的计算式：Ｙ＝０．０５Ｘ１＋０．１６（Ｘ４＋Ｘ６）＋０．２１（Ｘ２＋Ｘ３＋Ｘ     

基于“管制平衡”的草原生态补偿政策参与式干预发展评价研究

从整体性治理理论视角出发,深入分析了草原生态补偿政策实施过程中的管制与治理维度,认为草原生态补偿政策是一个"管制平衡"导向型政策,进而提出从"参与式干预发展"的角度对该政策的实施效果进行综合性评价。基于内蒙古锡林郭勒典型草原的一个纯牧业嘎查(村庄)的案例研究,将参与式干预发展评价(PADev)方法的应用进行了详细呈现,并获得了兼具"形成性"和"主体间性"的综合性评价结论与发现。为验证PADev的适合性和科学性,从"元评价"的角度,进一步呈现了基于生态调研和抽样社会调查的评价,作为PADev方法的"验证性"评价。案例研究发现,草原生态补偿政策的地位和作用体现在"草-畜-人"历史性(长达35年,从1983年牲畜承包开始)发展变迁的结构关系中,从政策作用的末端来评价生态补偿政策所产生的生态效益,比较难以直接确定其因果关系,但从基于制度变迁的路径依赖及未来发展的角度,政府主导的生态补偿政策将积极地促进牧民们的自主整合和适应市场的发展,以及"生态载畜量"和"实际载畜量"的收敛趋同。     

青藏高原重大建设工程生态修复综合效益评估指标体系

青藏高原作为我国重要的生态屏障和战略资源基地,兼顾经济社会的发展和生态环境的保护,是当前区域发展的主要目标。为实现该目标,国家先后开展了多项推动当地经济发展的重大建设工程项目,并在项目开展的过程中,针对出现的生态问题,实施了一系列的生态修复措施。目前针对青藏高原重大建设工程生态修复的研究,在多工程类型修复效益的融合,以及宏观空间布局尺度上对生态修复成效的评估还相对较少,并且缺乏统一的评价标准。故本研究选取青藏高原道路、水电和矿产开发三类典型的重大建设工程,结合区域及工程特点,通过文献调研、业界专家咨询等方法手段,以生态修复后的生态系统结构、质量和服务为核心架构,筛选能够综合客观的反映该地区生态修复效益的具体指标,最终构建系统、合理和科学的青藏高原重大建设工程生态修复综合效益评估指标体系。该评估指标体系涉及生态系统结构、质量和服务三大指标类别,包括10个主题指标,21个具体指标。以期为青藏高原重大建设工程生态修复效益的总体认知和长期监测,以及未来生态修复工程的制定、建设工程的布局及其他生态系统管理措施的实施,和未来生态修复评估的相关研究提供科学参考和理论支撑。     

旅游生态系统能值研究进展

能值分析是以能值为基准,通过能值转换率,有效测度与评价生态系统及经济系统中不同类型的物质流、能量流、货币流及其相互关系的方法。旅游生态系统是特殊类型的人地关系地域系统,是以旅游活动为中心的"自然、经济、社会、旅游"复合系统,利用能值方法进行旅游能值研究可以为旅游可持续发展提供科学建议。通过对国内外相关研究重要文献的梳理,从旅游能值研究尺度与类型角度,分析了国内外相关研究进展,并通过与农业、工业系统的能值研究对比分析,目前研究在理论推进、要素选择、指标构建、方法集成等4个方面,旅游生态系统能值研究存在特殊性,并从理论、方法、内容等3个角度,提出了今后旅游能值研究的方向,以期推动旅游系统能值研究的深入。