低温下抗氧化酶活性与冬油菜根细胞结冰关系的初步研究

以4个抗寒性不同的油菜品种的根为材料,于低温试验箱内连续降温处理(4℃/24 h,0℃/24 h,-3℃/24 h,-6℃/24 h,-9℃/24 h,-15℃/24 h,-21℃/24 h),检测其抗氧化酶(POD、CAT)活性,并结合POD同工酶电泳和冷冻前后幼苗的形态变化特征,探讨油菜根部抗氧化酶活性变化与细胞冰冻状态间的相关性以及油菜根的抗冻机理.结果显示:(1)弱抗寒性油菜品种(‘临油7号’和Vision)在低温冷冻后,叶面出现大量水渍,之后叶片萎缩直至焦枯,根部出现水渍后软化直至干枯死亡;强抗寒性品种(‘陇油6号’和‘陇油8号’)在冷冻后不产生水渍或水渍极少,其根在冻后损伤也较轻微.(2)在连续冷冻条件下,弱抗寒性油菜根部POD和CAT活性在降温初期有较大幅度的变化,之后就保持恒定,说明根部细胞已完全结冰;而强抗寒性油菜根部POD和CAT活性在降温初期变化较小,后期持续大幅增加,表明根部细胞仍保持溶液状态;POD同工酶分析也反映出类似的变化规律.研究表明,低温下冬油菜根部抗氧化酶活性变化和细胞冰冻状态之间存在相关性;细胞结冰通常会给植物造成致死性伤害,强抗寒油菜品种能安全越冬的关键就是能通过某种机制避免细胞内结冰,其结冰温度越低,抗寒性越强.     

A Novel Synthesis of 3-Substituted Furans: Synthesis of Perillen and Dendrolasin

A novel synthetic method of 3-substituted furans was developed and syntheses of perillen and dendrolasin are described.     

不依赖连接反应的高通量克隆方法

以脱脂菜籽粕酶解的复合氨基酸为主要原料,螯合率为考察指标,采用L16(4 5)正交试验设计,考察了pH值、温度、时间和配位比对螯合率的影响.结果显示,影响因素的高低顺序为:配位比＞pH值＞时间＞温度.结果表明,复合氨基酸与铜螯合的主要影响因素为pH值和配位比,且配位比的影响达到极显著水平.最佳工艺条件为:时间50 min,温度50℃,配位比2∶1,pH为9,此条件下的复合氨基酸螯合铜的螯合率为94.59％,氨基酸含量为30.2％.     

Knockout of the regulatory site of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III enhances short- and medium-chain acyl-ACP synthesis

3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase (KAS) III catalyses the first condensing step of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) type II reaction in plants and bacteria, using acetyl CoA and malonyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) as substrates. Enzymatic characterization of recombinant KAS III from Cuphea wrightii embryo shows that this enzyme is strongly inhibited by medium-chain acyl-ACP end products of the FAS reaction, i.e. inhibition by lauroyl-ACP was uncompetitive towards acetyl CoA and non-competitive with regard to malonyl-ACP. This indicated a distinct attachment site for regulatory acyl-ACPs. Based on alignment of primary structures of various KAS IIIs and 3-ketoacyl CoA synthases, we suspected the motif G290NTSAAS296 to be responsible for binding of regulatory acyl-ACPs. Deletion of the tetrapeptide G290NTS293 led to a change of secondary structure and complete loss of KAS III condensing activity. Exchange of asparagine291 to aspartate, alanine294 to serine and alanine295 to proline, however, produced mutant enzymes with slightly reduced condensing activity, yet with insensitivity towards acyl-ACPs. To assess the potential of unregulated KAS III as tool in oil production, we designed in vitro experiments employing FAS preparations from medium-chain fatty acid-producing Cuphea lanceolata seeds and long-chain fatty acid-producing rape seeds, each supplemented with a fivefold excess of the N291D KAS III mutant. High amounts of short-chain acyl-ACPs in the case of C. lanceolata, and of medium-chain acyl-ACPs in the case of rape seed preparations, were obtained. This approach targets regulation and offers new possibilities to derive transgenic or non-transgenic plants for production of seed oils with new qualities.     

油菜(Brassica napus L)收获指数的变异

本文首次采用田间试验的方法对国内油菜收获指数的变异进行了研究．结果表明不同油菜品种的收获指数存在变异,其变异规律大致是：１）中熟品种的收获指数高于早熟品种及晚熟品种;２）中长角果的品种较长角品种具有更高的收获指数;３）高产的新品种具有较高的收获指数;４）油菜粒壳比,角杆比及千粒重与收获指数呈正相关,杆重与收获指数呈负相关．     

Effect of different levels of rapeseed meal and sunflower meal and enzyme combination on the performance,digesta viscosity and carcass traits of broiler chickens fed wheat-based diets

The aim of the present experiment was to examine the effect of different levels of rapeseed meal (RSM) and sunflower meal (SFM) and enzyme combination (endoxylanase and β-glucanase) on the production performance, carcass quality, gizzard development and digesta viscosity of broiler chickens. The experimental design was a 3×2 factorial arrangement of treatments evaluating three diet types containing different levels of RSM and SFM (low (L), medium (M) and high (H)) and two levels of enzyme inclusion (0 or 100 g/tonne diet to provide 1220 U xylanase and 152 U β-glucanase per kg diet). Broiler starter and grower/finisher diets were formulated, based on wheat and soya bean meal and containing 50, 50 and 80 g/kg RSM and 0, 50 and 60 g/kg SFM for L, M and H treatments, respectively, during starter period and 80, 80 and 120 g/kg RSM and 0, 80 and 100 g/kg SFM for L, M and H, respectively, during grower/finisher period, and each diet was fed ad libitum to eight pens of 20 male broilers each. During the starter period (1 to 21 days), birds fed the H treatment had lower (P<0.05) BW gain (BWG) compared with those fed the L and M treatments. Diet type also influenced (P<0.05) feed intake (FI). Feeding the H treatment reduced (P<0.05) FI compared with the M treatment. Diet type and enzyme supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed conversion ratio (FCR). During the grower/finisher phase (22 to 42 day) and over the entire period (1 to 42 day) birds fed the H treatment had lower (P<0.05) BWG and higher (P<0.05) FCR compared with those fed the L and M diets. Enzyme supplementation improved (P<0.05) FCR compared with the unsupplemented diets. No interactions (P>0.05) between RSM and SFM inclusion level and enzyme supplementation were observed for any of the measured parameters at any period. Diet type and enzyme supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on carcass traits, abdominal fat pad, breast meat yield and jejunal digesta viscosity. Diet type influenced (P=0.05) relative empty gizzard weight, where the H treatment had higher relative empty gizzard weight compared with the L treatment. Enzyme supplementation tended (P=0.10) to increase relative empty gizzard weight. The present data suggest that high inclusion of SFM and RSM negatively influenced broiler performance. Enzyme supplementation improved FCR at all levels of RSM and SFM included in this study, but did not recover the reduction in weight gain caused by high inclusion of RSM and SFM.     

Late dormant rapeseed oil treatment against black cherry aphid and cherry fruit moth in sweet cherries

Abstract:  Black cherry aphid [ Myzus cerasi (Fabricius)] and cherry fruit moth [ Argyresthia pruniella (Clerck)] are the main insect pests on sweet cherries in Norway. In this study, application of rapeseed oil alone and rapeseed oil mixed with pesticides were tested as a control method against overwintering eggs of both black cherry aphid and cherry fruit moth. Results showed that rapeseed oil applied at the late dormant stage significantly reduced damage by black cherry aphid. Efficiency of oil mixed with pesticides was higher, but only significant in three of seven trials. The efficiency of rapeseed oil against cherry fruit moth was low compared with what was achieved for black cherry aphid, but within the range that has been reported for other botanical pesticides. As for the black cherry aphid, adding pesticides to oil decreased damage by the cherry fruit moth. Timing of treatment and effect of temperature were discussed.     

Effect of Garlic Supplementation on Erythrocytes Antioxidant Parameters, Lipid Peroxidation, and Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation Process in Oxidized Oil-Fed Rabbits

Effect of garlic supplementation on blood antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and coronary plaque formation process was investigated in oxidized oil-fed rabbits. Eighteen adult male mixed European rabbits were given a balanced diet (21 g% protein, 34 g% fat, 45 g% carbohydrate), which contained isocaloristic addition of nonoxidized or oxidized rapeseed oil in the presence and absence of garlic. The experiment lasted 24 weeks. At the beginning and every 6 weeks, rabbits were weighed, and blood was taken. To evaluate the antioxidant status of the rabbits, erythrocytes malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, total superoxide dismutase (t-SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activations were determined. After the experiment was completed, aortas were dissected for histological examinations. Changes in the contents of the above parameters and histological examinations showed that oxidized rapeseed, oil administered to rabbits, caused the development of atherosclerotic changes and disturbed antioxidant status. The addition of garlic in such diets inhibited atherosclerotic changes in the aorta wall, and it is related to the homeostatic activity of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation.     

Carbon Monoxide Promotes Lateral Root Formation in Rapeseed

Carbon monoxide (CO), an odorless, tasteless and colorless gas, has recently proved to be an important bioactive or signalmolecule in mammalian cells, with its effects mediated mainly by nitric oxide (NO). In the present report, we show thatexogenous CO induces lateral root (LR) formation, an NO-dependent process. Administration of the CO donor hematin torapeseed (Brassica napus L. Yangyou 6) seedlings for 3 days, dose-dependently promoted the total length and number ofLRs. These responses were also seen following the application of gaseous CO aqueous solutions of different saturatedconcentrations. Furthermore, the actions of CO on seedlings were fully reversed when the CO scavenger hemoglobin (Hb)or the CO-specific synthetic inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin-IX (ZnPPIX) were added. Interestingly, depletion of endogenousNO using its specific scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt (cPTIO)or the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N~G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME),led to the complete abolition ofLR development, illustrating an important role for endogenous NO in the action of CO on LR formation. However, theinduction of LR development by 200 umol/L sodium nitroprusside (SNP),an NO donor, was not affected by the presenceor absence of ZnPPIX. Furthermore, using an anatomical approach combined with laser scanning confocal microscopywith the NO-specific fluorophore 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate, we observed that both hematin and SNP increased NOrelease compared with control samples and that the NO signal was mainly distributed in the LR primordia (LRP), especiallyafter 36 h treatment. The LRP were found to have similar morphology in control, SNP-and hematin-treated seedlings.Similarly, the enhancement of the NO signal by CO at 36 h was differentially quenched by the addition of cPTIO, L-NAME,ZnPPIX and Hb. In contrast, the induction of NO caused by SNP was not affected by the application of ZnPPIX. Therefore,we further deduced that CO induces LR formation probably mediated by the NO/NOS pathway and NO may act downstreamof CO signaling, which has also been shown to occur in animals.     

不同光质对甘蓝型油菜幼苗的生长和生理特性的影响

以甘蓝型油菜品种‘宁油12’为试材,采用单因素随机区组设计的盆栽试验,将直播后长至子叶展平时的油菜幼苗转入荧光灯(FL,对照)、蓝光(B)、蓝红组合1∶1(BR1∶1)、蓝红组合1∶8(BR1∶8)和红光(R)下进行照射,考察不同光质对甘蓝型油菜生长指标、根系活力、叶绿素含量和光合产物等的光效应,筛选适合甘蓝型油菜工厂化育苗的人工光源,为油菜的工厂化育苗的光源合理利用提供理论指导和技术支持。结果表明:(1)油菜幼苗的鲜质量、干质量、根长、株高、茎粗和叶面积在BR1∶8处理下最大,并显著高于对照FL;(2)BR1∶8处理下的幼苗根系活力最强,其次为B处理,二者都显著高于对照FL;(3)幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素的含量在各光质处理下变化趋势一致,即B处理最大,其次是BR1∶8处理,二者均显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理,但BR1∶1、R和FL处理间均无显著差异;(4)BR1∶8处理幼苗叶片的可溶性糖、淀粉和游离氨基酸含量最高,且都显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;B处理幼苗叶片的蔗糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸含量最高,且显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;BR1∶8处理叶片的可溶性碳和氮含量最高,其次为B处理,并显著高于BR1∶1、R和FL处理;而对照FL处理的碳氮比最大,显著高于其他处理。研究认为,蓝红组合光(1∶8)能显著提高甘蓝型油菜叶片可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉、游离氨基酸、可溶糖总碳和总氮的含量,而蓝光则能显著促进叶片光合色素、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸的积累,有效促使幼苗快速、健壮生长,生产中可采用蓝红组合光(1∶8)和蓝光作为甘蓝型油菜育苗的人工光源。