Hints on the evolutionary design of a dimeric RNase with special bioactions.

Residues P19, L28, C31, and C32 have been implicated (Di Donato A, Cafaro V, D'Alessio G, 1994, J Biol Chem 269:17394-17396; Mazzarella L, Vitagliano L, Zagari A, 1995, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA: forthcoming) with key roles in determining the dimeric structure and the N-terminal domain swapping of seminal RNase. In an attempt to have a clearer understanding of the structural and functional significance of these residues in seminal RNase, a series of mutants of pancreatic RNase A was constructed in which one or more of the four residues were introduced into RNase A. The RNase mutants were examined for: (1) the ability to form dimers; (2) the capacity to exchange their N-terminal domains; (3) resistance to selective cleavage by subtilisin; and (4) antitumor activity. The experiments demonstrated that: (1) the presence of intersubunit disulfides is both necessary and sufficient for engendering a stably dimeric RNase; (2) all four residues play a role in determining the exchange of N-terminal domains; (3) the exchange is the molecular basis for the RNase antitumor action; and (4) this exchange is not a prerequisite in an evolutionary mechanism for the generation of dimeric RNases.     

人参多肽基因的酶法体外随机——定位诱变

本文报道了酶法体外随机——定位诱变人参多肽基因的原理和方法。该法把传统的随机诱变和现代的定位诱变融合起来,可灵活控制基因突变的随机性和定位性。我们用双脱氧末端终止法测定了三个突变株的结果证实了该法的合理性和可行性,     

Isolation and phenotypic analysis of conditional-lethal, linker-insertion mutations in the gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II in Saccharomyces cerevisme

Summary Linker-insertion mutagenesis was used to isolate mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RP021, also called RPBI). The mutant rpo21 alleles carried on a plamid were introduced into a haploid yeast strain that conditionally expresses RP021 from the inducible promoter pGAL10. Growth of this strain on medium containing glucose is sustained only if the plasmid-borne rpo21 allele encodes a functional protein. Of nineteen linker-insertion alleles tested, five (rpo21-4 to –8) were found that impose a temperature-sensitive (ts) lethal phenotype on yeast cells. Four of these five is alleles encode mutant proteins in which the site of insertion lies near one of the regions of the largest subunit that have been conserved during evolution. Two of the is mutants (rpo21-4 and rpo21-7) display pleiotropic phenotypes, including an auxotrophy for inositol and a decreased proliferation rate at the permissive temperature. The functional relationship between RP021 and RP026, the gene encoding the 17.9 kDa subunit shared by RNA polymerases 1, 11, and III was investigated by determining the ability of increased dosage of RP026 to suppress the is phenotype imposed by rpo21-4 to –8. Suppression of the is defect was specific for the rpo21-4 allele and was accompanied by co-suppression of the inositol auxotrophy. These results suggest that mutations in the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II can have profound effects on the expression of specific subsets of genes, such as those involved in the metabolism of inositol. In the rpo21-4 mutant, these pleiotropic phenotypes can be attributed to a defective interaction between the largest subunit and the RP026 subunit of RNA polymerase II.     

Stress response induced by DNA damage leads to specific, delayed and untargeted mutations

Summary Cells of the mouse T-lymphoma line GRSL13 were treated with 8-methoxy-psoralen plus longwave ultraviolet light (PUVA) under conditions where the biological effects are mainly due to non-persistent DNA crosslinks (PUVA-CL treatment). Fluctuation analysis showed that PUVA-CL treatment resulted in an enhancement of the mutation rate in the progeny of treated cells, which persisted until the eleventh generation after treatment. Since only 5 cross-links are available to account for 52 mutational events observed in the coding region, about 90% of the induced mutational events must have been untargeted. This was confirmed by molecular analysis of these mutations, which showed that 53% of the point mutations arose at sites which are not a target for psoralens. This supports the hypothesis that stress responses may give rise to untargeted mutagenesis. Further support for this hypothesis is provided by the observation that 8-methoxy-psoralen (8-MOP) or UVA alone (both of which are known to induce many pleiotropic effects) each acted as indirect mutagen by enhancing the mutation rate 2–4 fold in the progeny of treated cells.     

原生质体紫外诱变选育可利用廉价碳源的高产油新菌株

【目的】研究并建立利用原生质体紫外诱变技术选育可利用廉价碳源发酵的高产油新菌株的方法。【方法】采用1.5%蜗牛酶和1.0%纤维素酶混合液水解去除细胞壁得到2A00015(近平滑假丝酵母,Candida parapsilosis)的原生质体,将其放于紫外灯下诱变及再生壁培养,筛选获得可利用廉价碳源发酵的高产油酵母,并采用气相色谱质谱联用法(GC-MS)测定其脂肪酸组成。【结果】突变效果最好的突变菌株2A00015/25用葡萄糖发酵培养7 d后,其生物量、油脂产率和产油量分别为17.77 g/L、58.12%和10.32 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高了12.45%、23.32%和38.68%;利用废糖蜜发酵培养,其生物量、油脂产率和产油量分别为18.54 g/L、49.44%和9.17 g/L,较原始菌株分别提高了9.09%、21.16%和32.18%。利用废糖蜜培养其产油效率虽低于利用葡萄糖培养,但从环境保护及原材料成本的角度考虑,用废糖蜜作为碳源发酵培养产生油脂更具优势。诱变菌株利用废糖蜜发酵后产生油脂经检测含有8种脂肪酸,其脂肪酸组成与植物油近似,其中不饱和脂肪酸含量占脂肪酸总量的82.4%。【结论】通过利用原生质体紫外诱变技术,成功选育出一株新的可利用廉价碳源的高产油海洋菌株,产油率达到49.4%,提高了21.2%。     

高产青霉素酰化酶巨大芽胞杆菌的诱变选育及产酶条件优化

【目的】选育高产青霉素G酰化酶(PGA)工业菌株。【方法】采用LiCl-紫外线复合诱变以及常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变技术对巨大芽胞杆菌(Bacillus megaterium) ATCC 14945进行处理。处理菌体涂平板后,将长出的菌落接种到液体培养基中,向培养6 h后的二代菌液中添加终浓度为0.1%的苯乙酸,28 °C、250 r/min条件下诱导培养40 h。对离心后获得的上清(粗酶液)采用NIPAB法测定PGA酶活力。以PGA酶活力最高的菌株为材料,对苯乙酸最佳添加量和最佳诱导时间进行优化,采用NIPAB法测定PGA酶活力。采用SDS-PAGE检测诱变前后巨大芽胞杆菌粗酶液中PGA的蛋白特性。【结果】从诱变菌落中筛选到PGA酶活力为39.60 U/mL的菌株12-4,酶活力比出发菌株提高了8.5倍。该菌株在液体培养6 h后添加终浓度为0.2%的苯乙酸,继续培养50 h后,PGA酶活力可达78.45 U/mL,比出发菌株提高了16.8倍。诱变前后菌株培养液中的PGA蛋白均具α、β亚基;诱变后菌株PGA α亚基的量没有明显变化,β亚基的量明显增多;α、β亚基之间的蛋白条带明显增多。【结论】采用诱变技术可提高巨大芽胞杆菌PGA活性,获得的诱变菌株12-4及培养条件对PGA工业化生产具有重要价值。     

紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸的降解特征

【目的】阐明紫金牛叶杆菌Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum RC6b及其诱变菌株对二苯砷酸(Diphenylarsinic acid,DPAA)的降解特征与代谢产物。【方法】以紫金牛叶杆菌RC6b为出发菌株,分别以蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源,优化共代谢降解条件;采用亚硝基胍(N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,NTG)对出发菌株进行化学诱变,比较诱变前后菌株对DPAA降解能力的变化,鉴定诱变菌株对DPAA的降解代谢产物。【结果】以DPAA为唯一碳源时,培养28 d后RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解率低于2%;分别添加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠为外加碳源培养28 d后,DPAA的降解率显著提高,分别达到14.08%、15.21%和15.05%;采用250μg/m L的NTG诱变后获得3株诱变菌,在以DPAA为唯一碳源培养28 d后,3株诱变菌对DPAA的降解率与出发菌株相比均显著提高,其中N-RC6b2对DPAA的降解率最高,达36.71%;代谢产物鉴定结果表明,诱变菌株N-RC6b2对DPAA的代谢产物中有单羟基化DPAA的生成。【结论】RC6b出发菌株难以直接利用DPAA为唯一碳源生长,外加蔗糖、葡萄糖和乙酸钠等共代谢碳源可显著提高菌株RC6b对DPAA的降解率;NTG化学诱变可进一步提高RC6b菌株对DPAA的降解效果,代谢产物为单羟基化DPAA。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌诱变育种及其突变株在降低酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的应用

【目的】通过诱变育种提高解淀粉芽孢杆菌JY06利用精氨酸的能力,并将其用于降低酱油中的氨基甲酸乙酯及前体,从而提高酿造酱油的安全性。【方法】采用等离子诱变和紫外诱变两种诱变育种方法对解淀粉芽孢杆菌JY06进行突变,应用高通量筛选手段获得具有高精氨酸利用能力的突变株,验证突变株降低酱油中氨基甲酸乙酯的能力。【结果】获得了12株精氨酸利用能力提高的突变株,与出发菌株JY06相比,突变株C12和E6可使酱油中瓜氨酸含量分别降低了15.6%和14.7%,EC的含量分别降低了19.3%和13.1%。【结论】通过等离子诱变和紫外诱变进一步提高了解淀粉芽孢杆菌JY06降低酱油中EC及其前体瓜氨酸的能力,具有控制或减少酱油中生物危害物的应用潜力。     

催化抗体研究新进展

催化抗体也叫抗体酶,是具有催化活性的免疫球蛋白.由于它兼具抗体的高度选择性和酶的高效催化性,因而催化抗体制备技术的开发预示着可以人为生产适应各种用途的,特别是自然界不存在的高效催化剂,对生物学、化学和医学等多种学科有重要的理论意义和实用价值.综述了催化抗体研究的最新进展,讨论了该领域目前存在的问题,提出了解决这些问题的可能办法.     

Changes in DNA base sequences in the mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana induced by low-energy N+ implantation

To reveal the mutation effect of low-energy ion implantation on Arabidopsis thaliana in vivo, T80II, a stable dwarf mutant, derived from the seeds irradiated by 30 keV N⁺ with the dose of 80×10¹⁵ ions/cm² was used for Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and base sequence analysis. The results indicated that among total 397 RAPD bands observed, 52 bands in T80II were different from those of wild type showing a variation frequency 13.1%. In comparison with the sequences of A. thalianain GenBank, the RAPD fragments in T80II were changed greatly in base sequences with an average rate of one base change per 16.8 bases. The types of base changes included base transition, transversion, deletion and insertion. Among the 275 base changes detected, single base substitutions (97.09%) occurred more frequently than base deletions and insertions (2.91%). And the frequency of base transitions (66.55%) was higher than that of base transversions (30.55%). Adenine, thymine, guanine or cytosine could be replaced by any of other three bases in cloned DNA fragments in T80II. It seems that thymine was more sensitive to the irradiation than other bases. The flanking sequences of the base changes in RAPD fragments in T80II were analyzed and the mutational “hotspot” induced by low-energy ion implantation was discussed.