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31.
Yukio Takahata Naoki Koyama Michael A. Huffman Koshi Norikoshi Hisayo Suzuki 《Primates; journal of primatology》1995,36(4):571-574
Based on a sample of 237 live births recorded over a period of 30 years, a tendency for longer interbirth intervals following
the birth of daughters than sons was recognized, in the provisioned Arashiyama troop of Japanese macaques. This may indicate
that female infants were more costly to produce than male infants. This tendency seemed to be independent of a mother’s rank. 相似文献
32.
33.
Michael Lynch John Conery Reinhard Bürger 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1995,49(6):1067-1080
Although it is widely acknowledged that the gradual accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations is an important source of extinction for asexual populations, it is generally assumed that this process is of little relevance to sexual species. Here we present results, based on computer simulations and supported by analytical approximations, that indicate that mutation accumulation in small, random-mating monoecious populations can lead to mean extinction times less than a few hundred to a few thousand generations. Unlike the situation in obligate asexuals in which the mean time to extinction (t?e) increases more slowly than linearly with the population carrying capacity (K), t?e increases approximately exponentially with K in outcrossing sexual populations. The mean time to extinction for obligately selfing populations is shown to be equivalent to that for asexual populations of the same size, but with half the mutation rate and twice the mutational effect; this suggests that obligate selfing, like obligate asexuality, is inviable as a long-term reproductive strategy. Under all mating systems, the mean time to extinction increases relatively slowly with the logarithm of fecundity, and mutations with intermediate effects (similar to those observed empirically) cause the greatest risk of extinction. Because our analyses ignore sources of demographic and environmental stochasticity, which have synergistic effects that exacerbate the accumulation of deleterious mutations, our results should yield liberal upper bounds to the mean time to extinction caused by mutational degradation. Thus, deleterious mutation accumulation cannot be ruled out generally as a significant source of extinction vulnerability in small sexual populations or as a selective force influencing mating-system evolution. 相似文献
34.
G. P. Wagner 《Journal of mathematical biology》1984,21(1):77-95
A quantitative genetic model of random pleiotropy is introduced as reference model for detecting the kind and degree of organization in quantitative genetic variation. In this model the genetic dispersion matrix takes the form of G = BB
T, where B is a general, real, Gaussian random matrix. The eigenvalue density of the corresponding ensemble of random matrices (G) is considered. The first two moments are derived for variance-covariance matrices G as well as for correlation matrices R, and an approximate expression of the density function is given. The eigenvalue distribution of all empirical correlation matrices deviates from that of a random pleiotropy model by a very large leading eigenvalue associated with a size factor. However the frequency-distribution of the remaining eigenvalues shows only minor deviations in mammalian skeletal data. A prevalence of intermediate eigenvalues in insect data may be caused by the inclusion of many functionally unrelated characters. Hence two kinds of deviations from random organization have been found: a mammal like and an insect like organization. It is concluded that functionally related characters are on the average more tightly correlated than by chance (= mammal like organization), while functionally unrelated characters appear to be less correlated than by random pleiotropy (insect like organization). 相似文献
35.
Angel López Piñeiro Enrique Saiz 《International journal of biological macromolecules》1983,5(1):37-41
The Rotational Isomeric States model is applied to calculate dipole moments of polypeptides of the twenty natural α-amino acids in the random coil state. Dipole moments of each repeat unit (μi), are evaluated using a quantum mechanics procedure. Dipole moment ratios () of homopolypeptides are calculated and extrapolated to x →?. With a few exceptions, D? = 0.36 ± 0.1. Ten actual proteins and three enzymes are also studied; their dipole ratios (Dx′ =〈μ〉/x) range from 7.34 to 10.57 in 10?59 C2 m2 (6.6–9.5 D2). Diffferences in the values of Dx′ are due mainly to the different contributions, μi, of the amino acid residues contained in each polymer, whereas the sequence of amino acids has a very minor effect. 相似文献
36.
MIXED MODEL APPROACHES FOR ESTIMATING GENETIC VARIANCES AND COVARIANCES 总被引:62,自引:4,他引:58
The limitations of methods for analysis of variance(ANOVA)in estimating genetic variances are discussed. Among the three methods(maximum likelihood ML, restricted maximum likelihood REML, and minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation MINQUE)for mixed linear models, MINQUE method is presented with formulae for estimating variance components and covariances components and for predicting genetic effects. Several genetic models, which cannot be appropriately analyzed by ANOVA methods, are introduced in forms of mixed linear models. Genetic models with independent random effects can be analyzed by MINQUE(1)method whieh is a MINQUE method with all prior values setting 1. MINQUE(1)method can give unbiased estimation for variance components and covariance components, and linear unbiased prediction (LUP) for genetic effects. There are more complicate genetic models for plant seeds which involve correlated random effects. MINQUE(0/1)method, which is a MINQUE method with all prior covariances setting 0 and all prior variances setting 1, is suitable for estimating variance and covariance components in these models. Mixed model approaches have advantage over ANOVA methods for the capacity of analyzing unbalanced data and complicated models. Some problems about estimation and hypothesis test by MINQUE method are discussed. 相似文献
37.
本文着重分析了广西城市和农村脑血管病发病情况的差异。我们发现城市CVD发病率、患病率明显高于农村,但是农村CVD的死亡率高于城市,其中我们对其原因作了初步的探讨。 相似文献
38.
P. J. Wright 《Journal of fish biology》1992,40(6):833-844
A histological and gravimetric analysis of oocyte development in Encrasicholina heteroloba (Ruppell, 1858) indicated that this species spawns serially and has a group-synchronous mode of ovarian development. A six stage maturity scale, based on both external morphology and oocyte composition, was proposed to classify ovarian development in E. heteroloba . The incidence of females with hydrated oocytes and post-ovulatory follicles in samples from two regions; the south Java Sea and Roviana lagoon, in the Solomon Islands were used to estimate spawning frequency. Estimates of mean inter-spawning intervals ranged from around 2 days in fish from Roviana lagoon to up to 16.7 days in fish from the south Java Sea. Batch fecundity was determined from the number of oocytes in the largest oocyte size class in ripe stage ovaries. Batch fecundity was related to size and was significantly greater for a given size in the Roviana lagoon population ( F = 0.081 × L 4.89 , Roviana population; F = 1.682 × L 2.83 , Jepara population). 相似文献
39.
Naoki Koyama Yukio Takahata Michael A. Huffman Koshi Norikoshi Hisayo Suzuki 《Primates; journal of primatology》1992,33(1):33-47
Over a 30-year period from 1954 to 1983, 975 live births were recorded for Japanese macaque females at the Iwatayama Monkey
Park, Arashiyama, Japan. Excluding unknown birth dates, primiparous mothers gave birth to 185 infants (182 cases with age
of mother known) and multiparous mothers gave birth to 723 infants (603 cases with age of mother known). The peak month of
birth was May with 52.3% of the total births occurring during the period. Multiparous females who had not given birth the
previous year did so earlier than multiparous females who had given birth the previous year and also earlier than primiparous
females. Among the females who had given birth the previous year, females whose infant had died gave birth earlier than females
who had reared an infant the previous year. The offspring sex ratio (1:0.97) was not significantly different from 1:1, and
revealed no consistent association with mother's age. Age-fecundity exhibited a humped curve. The annual birth rate was low
at the age of 4 years but increased thereafter, ranging between 46.7% and 69.0%, at between 5 and 19 years of age, but again
decreased for females between 20 and 25 years of age. Some old females displayed clear reproductive senescence. The infant
mortality within the first year of age was quite low (10.3%) and the neonatal (less than 1 month old) mortality rate accounted
for 49.0% of all infant deaths. There was no significant difference between the mortality rates of male and female infants.
A female's rank-class had no apparent effect on the annual birth rate, infant mortality, and offspring sex ratio. These long-term
data are compared with those from other primate populations. 相似文献
40.
Measurement of bacterial random motility and chemotaxis coefficients: I. Stopped-flow diffusion chamber assay 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Bacterial chemotaxis, the directed movement of a cell population in response to a chemical gradient, plays a critical role in the distribution and dynamic interaction of bacterial populations in nonmixed systems. Therefore, in order to make reliable predictions about the migratory behavior of bacteria within the environment, a quantitative characterization of the chemotactic response in terms of intrinsic cell properties is needed.The design of the stopped-flow diffusion chamber (SFDC) provides a well-characterized chemical gradient and reliable method for measuring bacterial migration behavior. During flow through the chamber, a step change in chemical concentration is imposed on a uniform suspension of bacteria. Once flow is stopped, diffusion causes a transient chemical gradient to develop, and bacteria respond by forming a band of high cell density which travels toward higher concentrations of the attractant. Changes in bacterial spatial distributions observed through light scattering are recorded on photomicrographs during a 10-min period. Computer-aided image analysis converts absorbance of the photographic negatives to a digital representation of bacterial density profiles. A mathematical model (part II) is used to quantitatively characterize these observations in terms of intrinsic cell parameters: a chemotactic sensitivity coefficient, mu(0), from the aggregate cell density accumulated in the band and a random motility coefficient, mu, from population dispersion in the absence of a chemical gradient.Using the SFDC assay and an individual-cell-based mathematical model, we successfully determined values for both of these population parameters for Escherichia coli K12 responding to fucose. The values obtained were mu = 1.1 +/- 0. 4 x 10(-5) cm(2)/s and chi(o) = 8 +/- 3 +/- 10(-5) cm(2)/s. We have demonstrated a method capable of determining these parameter values from the now validated mathematical model which will be useful for predicting bacterial migration in application systems. 相似文献