东北黑土区片蚀和沟蚀对土壤团聚体流失的影响

土壤侵蚀方式的差异必然会导致土壤团聚体破碎程度及流失过程的不同。基于室内模拟降雨试验,对比研究了黑土坡耕地片蚀和沟蚀对土壤团聚体流失的影响。结果表明,在50和100 mm/h降雨强度下,沟蚀试验处理的侵蚀量分别是片蚀试验处理的1.42倍和3.51倍左右。在片蚀试验处理下,当降雨强度由50 mm/h增加至100 mm/h时,侵蚀泥沙中微团聚体（< 0.25 mm）含量由45.7%增加至74.2%;而在沟蚀试验处理下,侵蚀泥沙中以大团聚体（≥0.25 mm）为主,其占团聚体流失量为65.5%。片蚀试验处理下,50 mm/h降雨强度时,侵蚀泥沙中 > 5和2-5 mm粒级的团聚体含量均小于沟蚀处理,而其它粒级的团聚体含量均大于沟蚀处理;在100 mm/h降雨强度下,侵蚀泥沙中团聚体各粒级的含量均小于沟蚀处理。与试验土壤相比,表征团聚体流失的两个特征指标平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）均明显减少;在两种降雨强度下,片蚀试验处理的MWD和GMD均明显小于沟蚀处理。研究还发现MWD和GMD两种团聚体指标均能反映黑土农耕地坡面片蚀和沟蚀方式下的团聚体流失特征,且MWD能够更好的反映出雨强变化时两种侵蚀方式下土壤团聚体的流失特征。     

降雨对草地土壤呼吸季节变异性的影响

利用土壤碳通量自动观测系统(LI-8150)对呼伦贝尔草原在自然降雨条件下的土壤呼吸作用进行了野外定位连续观测,研究结果表明:降雨对土壤呼吸作用存在激发效应和抑制效应,降雨发生后1-2 h内土壤呼吸速率可增加约1倍,当单次或者连续降雨累积量大于7-8 mm,或土壤含水量大于29%-30%时,降雨对土壤呼吸会产生明显的抑制作用。土壤呼吸的激发效应往往体现在次日,表现为次日平均土壤呼吸速率的显著升高;而抑制效应则在当日即可体现出来,表现为观测当日平均土壤呼吸速率的明显下降。土壤呼吸季节变异性与降雨频率和降雨强度密切相关,在降雨量一定的情况下,较低的降雨频率和较高的降雨强度会增加土壤呼吸的变异性。呼伦贝尔草甸草原而言,在生长季土壤平均含水量为16.5%时,土壤呼吸的温度敏感性值(Q₁₀)为2.12;而平均土壤含水量为26%时,Q₁₀值为2.82,明显高于前者,土壤含水量与Q₁₀之间存在正相关关系。降雨导致土壤呼吸的激发效应和抑制效应交替发生,使草地土壤呼吸的季节变异性增加,降雨格局变化必然会对草地碳循环和碳通量特征产生深刻影响。     

模拟不同春季降雨量下典型草原土壤微生物磷周转特征

春季降雨是内蒙古典型草原生产力最重要的影响因素之一,土壤湿度与微生物活性密切相关,但春季降雨对土壤微生物量磷周转的影响目前知之甚少。本研究2015年4月底在内蒙古锡林浩特毛登牧场,设立不降雨(W0)、一次模拟降雨20 mm(W1)和两次模拟降雨,每次20 mm(W2)试验,旨在比较不同模拟降雨量条件下,典型草原土壤微生物量磷季节变化特征,了解土壤微生物量磷周转特征及其与植物磷素营养的关系。结果表明:(1)模拟春季降雨显著地提高了土壤微生物量磷,W1和W2分别从W0的6.91μg/g提高到7.47μg/g和8.29μg/g(全年平均值),尤其是模拟2次降雨,土壤微生物量磷周转期缩短至0.53年,周转通量增大至33.16 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),而W0分别为0.59年和26.82 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1);(2)模拟春季降雨总体上降低了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,但提高了碱性磷酸酶活性;(3)模拟降雨显著地提高了植物生物量和全磷含量,但是植物生物量和全磷含量与土壤微生物量磷、酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性及土壤有效磷含量之间没有显著的相关性。这可能反映出内蒙古典型草原土壤微生物量磷周转、土壤磷素供给及牧草磷素营养之间存在复杂的关系;土壤微生物与牧草竞争土壤磷素,从而影响牧草磷素营养。     

Effects of seasonal precipitation change on soil respiration processes in a seasonally dry tropical forest

Precipitation is projected to change intensity and seasonal regime under current global projections. However, little is known about how seasonal precipitation changes will affect soil respiration, especially in seasonally dry tropical forests. In a seasonally dry tropical forest in South China, we conducted a precipitation manipulation experiment to simulate a delayed wet season (DW) and a wetter wet season (WW) over a three‐year period. In DW, we reduced 60% throughfall in April and May to delay the onset of the wet season and irrigated the same amount water into the plots in October and November to extend the end of the wet season. In WW, we irrigated 25% annual precipitation into plots in July and August. A control treatment (CT) receiving ambient precipitation was also established. Compared with CT, DW significantly increased soil moisture by 54% during October to November, and by 30% during December to April. The treatment of WW did not significantly affect monthly measured soil moisture. In 2015, DW significantly increased leaf area index and soil microbial biomass but decreased fine root biomass. In contrast, WW significantly decreased fine root biomass and forest floor litter stocks. Soil respiration was not affected by DW, which could be attributed to the increased microbial biomass offsetting the decrease in fine root biomass. In contrast, WW significantly increased soil respiration from 3.40 to 3.90 μmol m^?2 s^?1 in the third year, mainly due to the increased litter decomposition and soil pH (from 4.48 to 4.68). The present study suggests that both a delayed wet season and a wetter wet season will have significant impacts on soil respiration‐associated ecosystem components. However, the ecosystem components can respond in different directions to the same change in precipitation, which ultimately affected soil respiration.     

Relationship between Late Soybean Diseases Complex and Rain in Determining Grain Yield Responses to Fungicide Applications

Wide distribution of soybean monoculture associated with no tillage has contributed to enhance damages caused by late diseases complex (LDC) in Argentina. LDC is a complex of diseases where Septoria glycines and Cercospora kikuchii are regarded as the major problem. Even though the use of foliar fungicides has increased, there is no rational and economic guide for their use. This is the main reason why the response to foliar fungicide applications is unpredictable. One of the main factors that contribute to the development of LDC is rainfall. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rainfall during several growing seasons and different soybean growth stages on LDC severity and yield. We carried out 18 field experiments during three growing seasons (2004–2006) at several locations in the Argentine Pampas Region, to examine the relationship between rain and yield response to single fungicide applications (quinone outside inhibitors and demethylation inhibitors) at growing stages R3 and R5. The strongest associations (R² = 0.81–0.84; P < 0.001) were observed between accumulated rainfall from R3 to R5 and yield response to fungicides applied in R3 or R5. Our results suggest that a minimum of 65–90 mm rainfall during R3–R5 is required to justify fungicide application, with high probability that the use of fungicide will increase soybean yield as a consequence of disease control. These findings could lead to a simple model, useful as decision support system for use in planning and scheduling spray applications for LDC management in soybean crops.     

南亚热带三种主要森林降雨及其再分配过程中的养分差异规律

马尾松林、针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林是南亚热带鼎湖山地区由演替初期到成熟森林过程的典型代表,对3种林地的降雨量及其再分配过程进行观测,并测定该过程中养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度。结果表明,大气降雨经过冠层再分配后,除Ca外,各养分浓度在穿透雨和树干流中都有所增加,树干流增加的幅度更大。穿透雨中Ca元素浓度低于大气降水,这一现象在3种林型均有表现。穿透雨和树干流中养分浓度在演替系列上没有显示出一致的规律,但比较不同演替阶段的输入量可以看出,树干流养分输入量随演替进行呈增加趋势。经过冠层作用后,雨水带来的养分输入量大于凋落物分解输入量,这种现象在马尾松林和混交林尤为明显。表明大气降雨不仅促使养分元素从冠层向地表迁移,而且提供了演替初期植物生长所需的重要养分。     

Fire frequency and species associations in perennial grasslands of south-west Ethiopia

Fires play an important role in shaping species composition and associations in East African grasslands. Grassland plains of Omo National Park (ONP), Ethiopia, which are dominated by perennial grass species, exist in a fire-prone environment. Our objective was to determine if the current pattern of plant species composition in ONP's grassland plains was correlated with the historical pattern of fire frequency. Species composition was determined at 160 plots along 30 west-trending transects, approximately 2 km apart. Fire frequency for each plot was estimated using eleven Landsat satellite images that spanned a 23-year period. The Mantel and partial Mantel tests were used to test for correlation between species composition and fire frequency.
Plots in the northern grassland plain appear to burn every other year, while plots in the southern grassland plain burn once every 4–5 years. However, no significant correlation was found between patterns in species composition and fire frequency. Likewise, a selective analysis by functional group (i.e. grass, shrubs) revealed no relationship with fire frequency. It appears that fire does play a role in dictating species composition in ONP, but only in the sense that species that can tolerate the current fire regime persist. Species distribution, however, appears to be under the influence of other factors.     

气象因子对北疆地区蝗虫发生的影响

选取位于北疆东、西和西北部的3个典型蝗区,即哈密、伊犁和塔城为研究区域,采用合成分析和距平分析方法,研究温度和降水对3个不同地区蝗虫发生的影响。结果表明:(1)蝗灾发生严重年份与一般年份的月均温度和月降水有显著差异。(2)蝗虫严重发生的年份,产卵期间(上一年7～8月)的平均气温偏高。(3)塔城和哈密地区,冬季气温较高,孵化期(5～6月)气温偏高、降水偏少有利于蝗灾的发生,而伊犁地区蝗虫大发生年份与常年比较,冬季和孵化期(5月)的气温偏低。     

Spatial patterns of foliar stable carbon isotope compositions of C<Subscript>3</Subscript> plant species in the Loess Plateau of China

The spatial pattern of foliar stable carbon isotope compositions (δ¹³C) of dominant species and their relationships with environmental factors in seven sites, Yangling, Yongshou, Tongchuan, Fuxian, Ansai, Mizhi and Shenmu, standing from south to north in the Loess Plateau of China, was studied. The results showed that in the 121 C₃ plant samples collected from the Loess Plateau, the foliar δ¹³C value ranged from −22.66‰ to −30.70‰, averaging −27.04‰. The foliar δ¹³C value varied significantly (P<0.01) among the seven sites, and the average δ¹³C value increased by about 1.69‰ from Yangling in the south to Shenmu in the north as climatic drought increased. There was a significant difference in foliar δ¹³C value among three life-forms categorized from all the plant samples in the Loess Plateau (P<0.001). The trees (−26.74‰) and shrubs (−26.68‰) had similar mean δ¹³C values, both significantly (P<0.05) higher than the mean δ¹³C value of herbages (−27.69‰). It was shown that the trees and shrubs had higher WUEs and employed more conservative water-use patterns to survive drier habitats in the Loess Plateau. Of all the C₃ species in the Loess Plateau, the foliar δ¹³C values were significantly and negatively correlated with the mean annual rainfall (P<0.001) and mean annual temperature (P<0.05), while being significantly and positively correlated with the latitude (P<0.001) and the annual solar radiation (P<0.01). In general, the foliar δ¹³C values increased as the latitude and solar radiation increased and the rainfall and temperature decreased. The annual rainfall as the main influencing factor could explain 13.3% of the spatial variations in foliar δ¹³C value. A 100 mm increment in annual rainfall would result in a decrease by 0.88‰ in foliar δ¹³C values.