基于分布式水文模型的水源涵养不同功能评估方法——以渭河涵养区为例

为了实现水源涵养量计算和不同功能的综合评估,基于分布式水文模型(WEP-L)提出了一种新方法,即利用WEP-L模型计算次降水过程中降水量和地表产流、冠层截留量的差值作为水源涵养量,并分别评估削洪(地表径流量)、补枯(地下径流量)、维持植被生态系统用水(植被蒸腾量)等不同水源涵养功能的评估方法。为了验证该方法的合理性,以渭河流域咸阳站以上区域为例,对比了该方法和InVEST模型方法的计算结果,由于两种方法在评估内容和使用模型上都存在差异,为了保证计算结果的可比性,先对比了基于相同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和InVEST模型方法,再对比了基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法I和WEP-L模型法II,结论如下:基于相同评价内容的WEP模型法I和InVEST模型法计算结果数值接近,研究区2000-2018年水源涵养量年均值分别为12.43 mm(5.76亿m³)和12.08 mm(5.6亿m³),两种方法所得结果空间分布特征相似,稍有差异之处与InVEST模型的参数没有经过本地化处理有关;基于不同评价内容的WEP-L模型法Ⅰ和WEP-L模型法II计算结果数值相差较大,研究区2000-2018年水源涵养量均值分别为12.43 mm和432.57 mm,空间分布特征上有差异的地方分布于研究区的北部、东部及东北部,主要与两种方法评价时是否考虑蒸散发有关。WEP-L模型法II评估结果中削洪、补枯、维持植被生态系统用水等功能多年变化趋势分别为:2006-2010年期间增加、2012年以后下降以及增加。2012年后补枯功能和维持植被生态系统用水功能之间可能存在权衡关系。通过不同方法计算结果差异原因分析,证明了基于WEP-L模型的不同涵养功能评估方法的合理性,其结果也可为渭河涵养区水资源和生态保护策略的制定提供更多依据。     

A dynamic, architectural plant model simulating resource-dependent growth

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Physiological and architectural plant models have originally been developed for different purposes and therefore have little in common, thus making combined applications difficult. There is, however, an increasing demand for crop models that simulate the genetic and resource-dependent variability of plant geometry and architecture, because man is increasingly able to transform plant production systems through combined genetic and environmental engineering. MODEL: GREENLAB is presented, a mathematical plant model that simulates interactions between plant structure and function. Dual-scale automaton is used to simulate plant organogenesis from germination to maturity on the basis of organogenetic growth cycles that have constant thermal time. Plant fresh biomass production is computed from transpiration, assuming transpiration efficiency to be constant and atmospheric demand to be the driving force, under non-limiting water supply. The fresh biomass is then distributed among expanding organs according to their relative demand. Demand for organ growth is estimated from allometric relationships (e.g. leaf surface to weight ratios) and kinetics of potential growth rate for each organ type. These are obtained through parameter optimization against empirical, morphological data sets by running the model in inverted mode. Potential growth rates are then used as estimates of relative sink strength in the model. These and other 'hidden' plant parameters are calibrated using the non-linear, least-square method. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The model reproduced accurately the dynamics of plant growth, architecture and geometry of various annual and woody plants, enabling 3D visualization. It was also able to simulate the variability of leaf size on the plant and compensatory growth following pruning, as a result of internal competition for resources. The potential of the model's underlying concepts to predict the plant's phenotypic plasticity is discussed.     

Multiple stressors on biotic interactions: how climate change and alien species interact to affect pollination

Global change may substantially affect biodiversity and ecosystem functioning but little is known about its effects on essential biotic interactions. Since different environmental drivers rarely act in isolation it is important to consider interactive effects. Here, we focus on how two key drivers of anthropogenic environmental change, climate change and the introduction of alien species, affect plant–pollinator interactions. Based on a literature survey we identify climatically sensitive aspects of species interactions, assess potential effects of climate change on these mechanisms, and derive hypotheses that may form the basis of future research. We find that both climate change and alien species will ultimately lead to the creation of novel communities. In these communities certain interactions may no longer occur while there will also be potential for the emergence of new relationships. Alien species can both partly compensate for the often negative effects of climate change but also amplify them in some cases. Since potential positive effects are often restricted to generalist interactions among species, climate change and alien species in combination can result in significant threats to more specialist interactions involving native species.     

Quantitation and characterization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in vagal nuclei and other regions of the medulla oblongata of the rat

Abstract: Since evidence is now available to support a nonendocrine autonomic function for thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), quantitative measurements of TRH were made in nuclei of the vagal complex and other areas of the caudal medulla oblongata of the rat. Regions containing the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN), nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), hypoglossal nucleus, dorsal column nuclei, descending nucleus V (DNV), nucleus ambiguus (NA), raphe nuclei (MR) dorsomedial and ventromedial reticular formation, and inferior olivary nuclei were isolated from 300-μm-thick frozen sections of medulla by the micropunch technique. Each region was pooled bilaterally, homogenized in 0.1 M HCl, and vacuum-dried. Extracts were assayed for TRH by specific radioimmunoassay (RIA). TRH levels varied 100-fold among medulla nuclei. Highest content (ng/mg protein ± SEM) was found in DMN (14 ± 1.38) and NTS (4.7 ± 0.68), whereas lowest levels occurred in the DNV and MR (0.13, 0.06). Nearly 65% of the total medullary TRH was localized in nuclei associated with vagal complex (DMN, NTS, NA). Characterization of tissue immunoreactivity (TRHi) in these regions suggests the presence of TRH, since (1) medullary tissue extracts competed with ¹²⁵I-TRH for antibody binding sites with the same affinity as authentic TRH; (2) TRHi in tissue extracts co-migrated with synthetic TRH when subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and Sephadex G-10 chromatography; and (3) rat serum TRH peptidases degraded TRHi and authentic TRH at similar rates. Another group of rats was subjected to unilateral (right side) vagotomy. At 33 weeks post-vagotomy, the vagal preganglionic cell population in the ipsilateral DMN was depleted 50–75%, while the contralateral side was unaffected. Interestingly, the content of TRH in the ipsilateral (right) DMN remained unchanged, whereas TRH in the contralateral DMN increased by 50%. In contrast, TRH was significantly elevated in the NA on the ipsilateral side of the lesion. TRH in both ipsi- and contralateral NTS was unchanged when compared with sham-operated controls. These results indicate that (1) TRH is present in several specific loci of the medulla; (2) very high levels are found in the vagal complex; and (3) vagotomy may alter TRH in the contralateral DMN and ipsilateral NA.     

普氏蹄蝠下丘谐波内外神经元处理多普勒频移补偿信息的差异

为了探讨普氏蹄蝠下丘神经元在处理多普勒频移补偿后回声定位信号中的作用,实验采用双声刺激模式模拟蝙蝠不同飞行状态下产生多普勒频移补偿后的脉冲-回声对,即发声频率改变,回声频率维持恒定的情况下,研究下丘神经元对不同补偿值下的回声反应恢复率.结果发现:根据神经元在某一补偿值下对回声信号反应的恢复率是否超过70%,可将其分为具有选择性(S)和无选择性(NS)的两类神经元.且谐波内S神经元所占比例(68%)远超过非谐波内S神经元(39%).分析神经元的发放模式发现谐波内S神经元中相位型发放模式比例(44.3%)明显高于其他三种类型神经元.另外,虽然S和NS神经元的强度-潜伏期函数类型均以饱和型为主,但谐波内S神经元强度-潜伏期函数的最佳强度(best amplitude,BA)(95.3±14.0)dB SPL低于NS神经元的BA(104.1±10.2)d B SPL(P0.01),同时也低于非谐波内S神经元的BA(109.7±7.9)dB SPL(P0.01).以上实验结果表明,在下丘水平,神经元就已对多普勒频移补偿后回声定位信号的处理有了分工,集中在谐波内的S神经元通过提高对某一补偿值下回声信号反应的恢复率实现,对回声信息的精确编码,避免其他杂波干扰信息.同时,谐波内S神经元的发放模式和强度-潜伏期函数特点也满足其在复杂环境中精确声学成像的需求.     

A cyp19a1b‐gfp (aromatase B) transgenic zebrafish line that expresses GFP in radial glial cells

Aromatase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of estrogen in gonads and brain. Teleost fish express aromatase (AroB) strongly in the brain facilitating its detailed examination. To understand the function of AroB in the brain, we generated transgenic zebrafish that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by the brain aromatase cyp19a1b promoter. GFP was found in the radial glial cells of transgenic larvae and adult fish that overlap with AroB immunoreactivity in the correct temporal and spatial pattern. GFP was also coexpressed with radial cell marker BLBP, but was not in neurons. In addition, GFP expression in the radial glial cells was stimulated by estrogen, same as endogenous AroB expression. Thus, this transgenic line faithfully mimics the regulation of AroB expression in radial glial cells. It provides a powerful tool to further characterize progenitor radial cells in adult and developing fish and to evaluate estrogenic activities of xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens. genesis 47:67–73, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

西双版纳楝径向生长和木质部发生季节动态及其对环境因子的响应

热带森林在全球碳循环过程中起着重要的作用,研究热带树木的生长动态及其对环境因子的响应,有助于预测全球变化下热带森林固碳能力的变化。目前对热带树木径向生长以及木质部发生季节动态的研究相对较少。利用微树芯和生长环法对西双版纳热带植物园内的落叶树种楝(Melia azedarach)2021年的年内径向生长和木质部发生季节动态进行监测,结合环境因子的监测,分析了楝的径向生长过程的驱动因子。结果表明：2021年楝的扩大细胞在3月1日(年积日(DOY):60.2±1.6)开始出现,细胞壁加厚在12月11日(DOY:345.4±3.1)结束,年生长量为7.76 mm,最大生长速率为0.039 mm/d。生长环监测显示,楝在3月18日(DOY:76.6±8.6)左右开始生长,10月13日(DOY:286.4±6.8)生长结束,年径向生长量为(6.25±2.35)mm,最大生长速率为(0.056±0.02)mm/d。楝的径向生长速率与降水(r=0.77,P<0.001)、平均温度(r=0.61,P<0.05)和最低温度(r=0.67,P<0.001)均呈显著正相关,与风速(r=-0....     

环境微生物群落功能研究的新方法和新策略

微生物群落在驱动生物地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色,传统的研究方法可对微生物群落进行遗传结构的解析,但不能有效地与功能研究耦联.概述了近年发展起来的基于核酸和蛋白质水平的分子生物学新方法--环境mRNA 和 rRNA同时荧光原位杂交(FISH)、寡核苷酸微阵列技术(Oligonucleotide Microarray)、 稳定性同位素联合宏基因组学(SIP-enabled Metagenomics)和环境蛋白质组学(Metaproteomics)在环境微生物群落功能研究中的应用,并且对其发展趋势进行了分析和展望.     

富硒益生菌的功效研究进展

硒是人体必需的微量元素,对人体健康有重要作用。益生菌能够将硒元素转化为有机硒,降低硒的毒性,同时硒又提高了益生菌的生物活性,富硒益生菌具备了硒和益生菌的双重功效。本文主要综述了近年来富硒益生菌的功效,如抗氧化、抑制有害菌、调节肠道菌群、抗癌等。     

凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能

通过模拟试验和野外调查对凋落物的树种多样性与杉木人工林土壤生态功能之间关系进行了研究。林分取样调查的结果表明 ,有两个树种凋落物覆盖的几个杉阔混交林土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均明显高于只有杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤 ,酸性磷酸酶活性也呈现相同的变化趋势 ,这 3种土壤酶活性均以具有凋落物种类最多的次生常绿阔叶林土壤最高。除了土壤酶活性升高之外 ,杉阔混交林的土壤有机质和全氮含量也明显高于仅有一种杉木凋落物覆盖的杉木纯林土壤。采用杉木叶凋落物与不同阔叶树种凋落物处理土壤的模拟试验结果表明 ,在凋落物投放量和 (1 5NH4 ) 2 SO4 施用量相同的控制条件下 ,随着投放的凋落物树种组成的增加 ,土壤中 1 5N的残留量也随之增加 ,而其损失量却随之减少 ;土壤中杉木幼树对于 1 5N的吸收量以及杉木幼树的单株鲜重也随着处理凋落物组成树种的增加而增加 ,具有不同树种数量的凋落物处理之间差异显著 (p<0 .0 5 )。可见随着凋落物树种多样性的增加 ,不仅土壤有机质和全氮含量这两个基本的质量指标得到明显改善 ,而且土壤酶活性、土壤养分保蓄功能以及保证幼树良好生长等的生态功能明显改善