飞蛾藤中的新C30甾体类化合物

从毛叶飞蛾藤(Porana racemosa Roxb.)全草的95%乙醇提取物中分离并鉴定了11个化合物,其中一新的C30甾体化合物鉴定为(22E,24ξ)-24-正丙基胆甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(飞蛾藤素,1).其余10个已知化合物分别为东莨菪素(2)、东莨菪苷(3)、伞形华内酯(4)、β-D-甲基吡喃果糖苷(5)、丁香脂素4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、斛皮素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、斛皮素-3-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(8)、异泽兰黄素(9)、山奈素-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)和(E)-N-2-(2,3-二羟基苯基)乙基肉桂酰胺(11).     

聚果榕榕果小蜂种群分布格局及其生境和季节差异比较

采用多个指数对西双版纳地区聚果榕榕果小蜂的种群分布格局进行了检测,并重点运用基于方差/均值比率法的t值测度比较了其生境和季节差异.结果表明,6种聚果榕榕果小蜂的种群分布格局皆呈聚集分布;传粉小蜂聚集强度在生境序列上,原始雨林≈严重干扰地段中度干扰地段,在季节序列上,雨季>干热季>雾凉季;非传粉小蜂不同种类不同性别随着生境和季节变化皆表现出明显的聚集强度差异.对各种聚集强度变化的发生机理与其对聚果榕传粉者互惠共生体进化稳定性进行了讨论,认为保护榕树、保护榕树和传粉昆虫互惠共生体的重点应放在保护其原始森林生境方面.     

非胎生红树植物繁殖体特征及潮间带分带现象

研究了香港4种非胎生红树植物榄李(Lumnitzera racemosa(Jack．)Voigt．)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis(Drgand．)Ait．)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha L．)和老鼠筋(Acanthus ilicifotius L．)的繁殖体特征和萌发技术,并分析了其在潮间带分带的决定因素。所有直接种植的新鲜榄李繁殖体均不能萌发,但经湿润贮藏35d和50d的繁殖体能萌发,说明该物种具有种子休眠的特性。榄李萌发率随盐度升高而下降,盐度高于25则不能萌发。银叶树繁殖体果壳的去除可加速其萌发。海漆和老鼠筋的繁殖体分别在2d和3d开始萌根。在繁殖体萌发方面,老鼠筋的耐盐性比榄李强。4种非胎生红树植物对潮间带不稳定环境的适应方式有：(1)繁殖体的寿命较长,如榄李和银叶树;(2)萌根速度快,如海漆和老鼠筋;(3)具有沉性繁殖体,如榄李。繁殖体的悬浮性是决定这4种非胎生红树植物潮间带分带的最重要因素：榄李因具有沉性繁殖体而自然分布于最靠海的区域,而银叶树、海漆和老鼠筋因具有浮性繁殖体而更靠陆岸分布。对于繁殖体悬浮性相同的物种,萌根速度是影响潮间带分带的重要因素：完整的银叶树繁殖体需要108d才能萌根,因而分布于最靠陆岸的区域,而海漆和老鼠筋因萌根速度快而在相对更靠海的区域分布。环境盐度、繁殖体大小、动物啃食和幼苗大小等因素则不能解释香港非胎生红树植物在潮间带的分带现象。     

聚果榕小蜂种内竞争的化学信息调节机制初探

昆虫种内普遍存在着对于交配机会、产卵场所以及食物资源的竞争, 而具信息交流作用的化学物质在调节种内竞争中起着重要的作用。聚果榕(Ficus racemosa)的传粉榕小蜂Ceratosolen fusciceps存在着种内竞争, 我们通过控制榕小蜂在果内能否互相接触(同时、间隔放蜂)的方法进行放蜂实验, 同时用瘿花比例、种子比例、败育花数量和榕小蜂子代数量作为榕小蜂种内竞争的指标, 并用顶空固相微萃取装置和气相色谱–质谱联用仪鉴定分析榕小蜂在雌花期进果前后, 榕果和榕小蜂中的差异性挥发性成分, 重点探讨这些物质在调节榕小蜂种内竞争中的作用。研究结果表明, 同时放蜂所产生的瘿花比例、种子比例和榕小蜂子代数量相较于间隔放蜂显著偏低, 而败育花数量则显著偏多; 化学鉴定结果表明榕小蜂进果前后榕树的挥发性物质的种类存在差异, 在鉴定出来的22种差异物质中, 部分物质对其他种昆虫有抑制产卵的作用。因此, 信息化学物质对榕小蜂的行为可能起着重要的调节作用, 这种作用对于榕小蜂子代和寄主榕树适合度可能都具有重要影响。     

PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Development of microsatellite markers for two nonviviparous mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius and Lumnitzera racemosa

Eight and nine of microsatellite loci were isolated from two nonviviparous mangrove species, Acanthus ilicifolius and Lumnitzera racemosa, respectively. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to eight in A. ilicifolius and two to nine in L. racemosa. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.200 to 0.875 in A. ilicifolius and from 0.025 to 0.350 in L. racemosa. These loci would be effective for analysing genetic diversity and population genetic structure of these two mangrove species.     

The confounding effects of logging on tree seedling growth and herbivory in Central Amazon

Light availability is an important modulator of seedling growth and plant–herbivore dynamics. Logging increases light levels in forests, potentially altering herbivore–plant interactions that drive seedling establishment. We conducted a transplant experiment to evaluate how logging and herbivory affect seedling growth and survival in three shade‐tolerant tree species, at paired canopy gap and understory sites in logged forest and an adjacent unlogged area in central Amazonia (Brazil). Seedlings were either left exposed to naturally occurring insect herbivores or protected from insects by a fine netting structure. We measured the herbivore damage and growth rate of seedlings after 18 mo. In general, logged areas received more light than unlogged sites. Growth and herbivory rates were positively influenced by light, and herbivory was also influenced positively by logging. In gaps, increased growth mitigated foliar damage. Logging resulted in a loss of foliar tissue due to increased herbivory. Herbivory rates were higher in the understory of logged sites than in that of unlogged understory sites, but growth was similar in these areas. Thus, the understory of logged areas provided the least favorable sites for shade‐tolerant tree regeneration, due to higher herbivory rates. The effect of logging on biotic interactions can extend beyond the gaps it creates into untouched understory sites. To our knowledge, this is the first time such a pattern has been observed, highlighting the importance of evaluating the impact of logging on biotic interactions.     

Genetic evidence for the identity of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh (Caulerpales,Chlorophyta) in the Adriatic Sea

Three taxa of Caulerpa racemosa that differ morphologically and genetically have been reported in the Mediterranean Sea. The ‘invasive variety’ was recorded for the first time in the early 1990s in Libya. In less than 10 years, it was found in almost all parts of the Mediterranean. The first record of C. racemosa in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea was in 2000 and as many as 35 different localities were established by the end of 2004. In terms of morphology, the specimens from the Adriatic Sea resemble the ‘invasive variety’. To confirm this, we analysed populations from two different localities (the island of Mljet and the peninsula of Pelje?ac) using the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of 18S-5.8S-26S rDNA unit as a molecular marker. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region from nine individual plants was amplified by PCR, cloned in a pCR 2.1 vector and sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison of sequences from specimens found in the Adriatic Sea with specimens of the same and similar taxa, found both inside and outside the Mediterranean, provided genetic evidence that C. racemosa populating the Adriatic Sea corresponds to the Mediterranean C. racemosa var. cylindracea (Sonder) Verlaque, Huisman?&?Boudouresque, i.e. to the ‘invasive variety’.     

Molecular data suggest a hybrid origin for the invasive Caulerpa racemosa (Caulerpales,Chlorophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea

Morphological data has provided a basis for the hypothesis that three taxa belonging to the Caulerpa racemosa complex occur in the Mediterranean Sea: var. turbinata–uvifera, var. lamourouxi, and the `invasive variety'. In order to test this hypothesis and to determine the origin of the `invasive variety', the transcribed spacer ITS1–ITS2 and an 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) intron were analysed from 16 isolates of Caulerpa racemosa. The `invasive variety' shows intraindividual polymorphism for both types of sequences. The ITS1–ITS2 data confirm that the three morphological varieties of C. racemosa from the Mediterranean Sea are distinct taxonomic units. The 18S intron data suggest that the new `invasive variety' could be a recent hybrid between var. turbinata–uvifera and an unknown tropical strain. Incongruence between the phylogenetic tree computed from ITS1–ITS2 regions and the 18S intron indicates that homogenization processes of concerted evolution have run at different rates.     

Deep phylogeographic splits and limited mixing by sea surface currents govern genetic population structure in the mangrove genus Lumnitzera (Combretaceae) across the Indonesian Archipelago

The Indonesian Archipelago accommodates the largest mangrove area in Southeast Asia and possesses the world's richest composition of mangrove species. The archipelago comprises areas of the biogeographic regions Sunda and Wallacea, separated by Wallace's line. Here, we used the true mangrove species Lumnitzera littorea and Lumnitzera racemosa as a study case for understanding the effects of phylogeographic history, sea surface currents, and geographical distance on genetic diversity and genetic structure. We sampled 14 populations of L. littorea (N = 106) and 21 populations of L. racemosa (N = 152) from Indonesia and used 3122 and 3048 SNP loci, respectively, genotyped using the ddRADseq approach. We assessed genetic diversity, genetic structure, and effective dispersal of the populations and related them to geographical distance and sea surface currents. Our study revealed low levels of genetic variation at the population level in Lumnitzera. Pronounced genetic differentiation between populations indicated two phylogroups in both species. While in L. littorea the two phylogroups were largely separated by Wallace's line, L. racemosa showed a northwest vs. southeast pattern with strong mixture in Wallacea. Our findings provide novel insights into the phylogeography of the mangrove genus Lumnitzera and the role of sea surface currents in the Indonesian Archipelago.     

陕西省种子植物区系新记录科——十齿花科

文章报道了核子木[Perrottetia racemosa(Oliv.) Loes.]在陕西省石泉县的分布,为陕西省种子植物区系增加一新记录科——十齿花科(Dipentodontaceae)及一新记录属——核子木属(Perrottetia Kunth)。文中介绍了该科属的背景,提供了该种野外照片及植株局部照片,并对其生境特点进行了简要分析。凭证标本保存于山东省林草种质资源中心植物标本馆(SDFGR)和陕西省西安植物园植物标本室(XBGH)。