一种快速提取细菌总DNA的方法研究

随着分子生物学技术应用于环境微生物研究的深入开展,占自然界微生物物种总数的90%以上的不能人工培养或培养困难的微生物已经可以借助分子生物学技术进行功能基因的开发和利用。而快速得到纯度较高,结构完整的细菌染色体DNA成为这一技术得以实现的前提。本文报道了利用高温处理和SDS的裂解作用相结合而建立的一种快速、简便的提取细菌染色体DNA的方法。经过脉冲电泳实验证明,利用本方法提取得到的几种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性菌株的基因组DNA结构完整,并且无明显降解,无须经过纯化,可以直接进行PCR扩增和酶切等分子生物学操作,将此方法进一步应用于土壤环境DNA的提取方面,同样达到了快速得到大片段、高质量的环境微生物基因组的目的,为研究未培养的环境微生物多样性打下了坚实的基础,同时为环境基因组的提取提供了一个新的途径。     

蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA研究及其在起源与进化研究中的应用

线粒体DNA(mtDNA)属母系遗传,进化速率较核基因快且基因组结构相对简单,已作为理想的分子标记广泛应用于昆虫群体遗传学及分子系统学等研究。本文对蚕类昆虫线粒体DNA在分子水平上的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述,重点介绍了蚕类昆虫线粒体基因组的组成及特征、mtDNA克隆与多态性及在蚕类昆虫分子系统学研究中的应用等。     

The importance of phylogeny to the study of phenological response to global climate change

Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology—i.e. the timing of seasonal activities, such as flowering and bird migration—of some species but not others. These differential responses have been shown to result in ecological mismatches that can have negative fitness consequences. However, the ways in which climate change has shaped changes in biodiversity within and across communities are not well understood. Here, we build on our previous results that established a link between plant species'' phenological response to climate change and a phylogenetic bias in species'' decline in the eastern United States. We extend a similar approach to plant and bird communities in the United States and the UK that further demonstrates that climate change has differentially impacted species based on their phylogenetic relatedness and shared phenological responses. In plants, phenological responses to climate change are often shared among closely related species (i.e. clades), even between geographically disjunct communities. And in some cases, this has resulted in a phylogenetically biased pattern of non-native species success. In birds, the pattern of decline is phylogenetically biased but is not solely explained by phenological response, which suggests that other traits may better explain this pattern. These results illustrate the ways in which phylogenetic thinking can aid in making generalizations of practical importance and enhance efforts to predict species'' responses to future climate change.     

Ecological rather than geographical isolation dominates Quaternary formation of Mediterranean Cistus species

The lack of a comparative approach makes it impossible to determine the main factors influencing colonization and evolution in plants. Here we conducted the first comparative study of a characteristic Mediterranean lineage (white‐flowered Cistus) taking advantage of its well‐known phylogenetic relationships. A two‐scale approach was applied to address the hypothesis of higher levels of isolation in mountain than in lowland species. First, a time‐calibrated phylogeny using plastid sequences of Cistaceae suggested that the origin of Cistus species postdated both the refilling of the Mediterranean Sea (5.59–5.33 Ma) and the onset of the Mediterranean climate (3.2 Ma). Two hundred and sixty‐three additional, plastid sequences from 111 populations showed different numbers of haplotypes in C. laurifolius (7), C. monspeliensis (2) and C. salviifolius (7). Although haplotype sharing among disjunct populations was observed in all species, phylogeographic analyses revealed haplotype lineages exclusive to Europe or Africa only in the mountain species (C. laurifolius). Isolation by either geographical distance or sea barriers was not significantly supported for the lowland species (C. monspeliensis; C. ladanifer from a previous study). The same is true for the less habitat‐specific species of the lineage (C. salviifolius). Comparative phylogeography of the Cistus species leads us to interpret a general pattern of active colonization surpassing Mediterranean barriers. In contrast, ecological conditions (precipitation, temperature, soils) appear to have determined the distribution of the Cistus species of Mediterranean mountains. This study further provides molecular evidence for multiple colonization patterns in the course of successful adaptation of Cistus species to Mediterranean habitats.     

Population demography influences climatic niche evolution: evidence from diploid American Hordeum species (Poaceae)

In this study, we explore the interplay of population demography with the evolution of ecological niches during or after speciation in Hordeum. While large populations maintain a high level of standing genetic diversity, gene flow and recombination buffers against fast alterations in ecological adaptation. Small populations harbour lower allele diversity but can more easily shift to new niches if they initially survive under changed conditions. Thus, large populations should be more conservative regarding niche changes in comparison to small populations. We used environmental niche modelling together with phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population genetic analyses to infer the correlation of population demography with changes in ecological niche dimensions in 12 diploid Hordeum species from the New World, forming four monophyletic groups. Our analyses found both shifts and conservatism in distinct niche dimensions within and among clades. Speciation due to vicariance resulted in three species with no pronounced climate niche differences, while species originating due to long‐distance dispersals or otherwise encountering genetic bottlenecks mostly revealed climate niche shifts. Niche convergence among clades indicates a niche‐filling pattern during the last 2 million years in South American Hordeum. We provide evidence that species, which did not encounter population reductions mainly showed ecoclimatic niche conservatism, while major niche shifts occurred in species which have undergone population bottlenecks. Our data allow the conclusion that population demography influences adaptation and niche shifts or conservatism in South American Hordeum species.     

Phylogeny,niche conservatism and the latitudinal diversity gradient in mammals

Biologists have long searched for mechanisms responsible for the increase in species richness with decreasing latitude. The strong correlation between species richness and climate is frequently interpreted as reflecting a causal link via processes linked to energy or evolutionary rates. Here, we investigate how the aggregation of clades, as dictated by phylogeny, can give rise to significant climate–richness gradients without gradients in diversification or environmental carrying capacity. The relationship between climate and species richness varies considerably between clades, regions and time periods in a global-scale phylogenetically informed analysis of all terrestrial mammal species. Many young clades show negative richness–temperature slopes (more species at cooler temperatures), with the ages of these clades coinciding with the expansion of temperate climate zones in the late Eocene. In carnivores, we find steeply positive richness–temperature slopes in clades with restricted distributions and tropical origins (e.g. cat clade), whereas widespread, temperate clades exhibit shallow, negative slopes (e.g. dog–bear clade). We show that the slope of the global climate–richness gradient in mammals is driven by aggregating Chiroptera (bats) with their Eutherian sister group. Our findings indicate that the evolutionary history should be accounted for as part of any search for causal links between environment and species richness.     

应用COⅠ基因序列探讨中国蚱总科四亚科部分物种的系统发生关系(英文)

通过测定蚱科26种蚱的线粒体DNA细胞色素c氧化酶Ⅰ基因的部分序列,分析了蚱亚科、短翼蚱亚科、刺翼蚱亚科及股沟蚱亚科部分物种的系统发育关系。以蜢总科的Vandiemenella viatica和Proriferasp.作为外群,构建了MP树和Bayes树。在获得的598bp的序列中,有289个变异位点,253个简约信息位点; A、T、G和C的碱基平均含量分别为31.6% ,32.7% ,19.5% ,16.2% , A+T含量高于G+C含量。分子系统树显示:蚱亚科尖顶蚱属和该亚科其他属的亲缘关系较远,而与短翼蚱亚科的狭顶蚱属有较近的亲缘关系。尖顶蚱属的广西尖顶蚱聚在短翼蚱科内,与该亚科的尖翅狭顶蚱形成姐妹群且支持两者关系的置信度很高,广西尖顶蚱不应属于蚱亚科尖顶蚱属。龙滩柯蚱与蚱属的桂南蚱形成姐妹关系,而庭蚱属的细庭蚱聚在柯蚱属中,且蚱亚科柯蚱属的防城柯蚱与刺翼蚱亚科的二刺羊角蚱形成姐妹关系,因此柯蚱属不是单系群,作为一个单独的属是可疑的;蚱属不是单系群,日本蚱也不是蚱属中的原始物种,锯齿股蚱和粗体蚱碱基序列完全相同,再次证明二者为同一物种。     

2株产纤维素酶放线菌的筛选及分类鉴定

从海南热带生境中采集样品14份,以CMC-Na为唯一碳源的培养基,筛选获得纤维素酶活性较高的放线菌DA08506和DA08602,CMC酶活力分别为276.642U/mL、773.982U/mL,FPA酶活力分别为82.638U/mL、325.674U/mL。通过多相分类,初步鉴定菌株DA08506可能是Streoptomyces的一个新种;菌株DA08602鉴定为Streptomyces chartreusis。     

具抗菌活性放线菌菌株JSM 20.1的分离和鉴定

从药用植物银杏(Ginkgo biloba)根际土壤中分离到1株放线菌菌株JSM20.1,其发酵产物具有广谱抗菌活性。该菌株在多数培养基上生长良好,具有链霉菌属的典型形态特征。菌丝多分枝,不断裂;基内菌丝黄白色至棕褐色,气生菌丝黄白色至棕红色;孢子链直且长,偶有波曲,孢子柱状、光滑、不运动。在察氏、马铃薯浸汁、葡萄糖-天门冬酰胺、酵母膏-麦芽膏(ISP2)、燕麦(ISP3)、无机盐淀粉(ISP4)和甘油-天门冬酰胺(ISP5)琼脂上均产生可溶性色素,而在营养琼脂上不产生可溶性色素。生长温度范围为7～40℃,最适生长温度28℃;生长pH范围为5.0～10.0,最适pH7.0;能在含0～3%(质量与体积比)NaCl的培养基上生长,而在无NaCl的ISP2培养基生长最佳。根据其形态学特征、生理生化特征、细胞化学分类特征和基于16SrRNA基因序列的系统发育分析结果,菌株JSM20.1被鉴定为链霉菌属的有效发表种Streptomyces cyaneofuscatus的1个菌株。     

从12S rRNA基因部分序列探讨络新妇亚科升格为科级阶元的有效性

络新妇亚科曾归入园蛛科,后改为属于肖蛸科,目前又升格为科级阶元。为对络新妇亚科的分类地位作进一步研究,测定了9种蜘蛛线粒体12SrRNA基因的部分序列;另外还从GenBank检索到17种蜘蛛的12SrRNA基因的的相应序列。基于12SrRNA基因序列进行的分子系统发生分析结果表明络新妇亚科即不属于园蛛科、也不属于肖蛸科,而是与肖蛸科或园蛛科均无直接关联的独立支系,这个结果证实了将络新妇亚科升格为科级阶元的有效性。