DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究进展

DNA疫苗是最近几年从基因治疗研究领域发展起来的一种新型疫苗,它能诱导机体产生持久的体液免疫和细胞免疫应答,能够抗病毒,细菌和寄生虫的感染,对自身免疫性疾病和过敏性疾病有一定的疗效作用。但与传统的灭活疫苗相比,其免疫效价还比较低,最近的研究表明：联合使用DNA疫苗和疫苗佐剂如细胞因子,协同刺激分子等有助于提高DNA疫苗的免疫效价,这一发现有利于研制更有效的DNA疫苗,本文就通过使用免疫佐剂提高DNA免疫效价的最新进展做一综述。     

母牛分支杆菌菌苗治疗糖尿病合并初治肺结核的临床分析

目的 探讨母牛分支杆菌菌苗（简称微卡）治疗糖尿病合并肺结核的疗效。方法 同期选取40例糖尿病合并肺结核初治患者,随机分为A、B组。A组以常规抗痨治疗（2HRZE／4HR）,B组在常规抗痨治疗的基础上加用微卡治疗2月。结果 B组结核病灶消散吸收、空洞完全或部分闭合、痰结核菌阴转速度均明显快于A组（P〈0．05）,且不良反应少见。结论 微卡可用作糖尿病合并肺结核的免疫治疗。     

HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因DNA疫苗诱导小鼠持久的细胞免疫应答

构建编码HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因的DNA疫苗pSC、pSS1S2C和编码HBV包膜蛋白或核心蛋白基因的DNA疫苗pHBs、pHBc,分别肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,检测小鼠的血清抗体、T细胞增殖和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞反应,比较融合基因DNA疫苗与单基因DNA疫苗诱生免疫应答的强度,发现融合基因DNA疫苗诱生抗体的效率明显不及单基因DNA疫苗,但其能诱导更强、更持久的细胞免疫应答,表明HBV包膜-核心蛋白融合基因DNA疫苗对于治疗慢性乙型肝炎可能比单基因DNA疫苗更为有效.     

HIV-1壳体蛋白的结构及其病毒样颗粒疫苗

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的壳体蛋白(CA)在HIV病毒的组装和成熟过程中起着至关重要的作用。近年来,壳体蛋白的体外表达及其疫苗的研制成了HIV各项研究的焦点。由于壳体蛋白具有较好的的保守性,用其制得的疫苗也会提供比包膜蛋白更为广泛的免疫保护力。另外若将CA在体外表达成一个颗粒状结构,会增强其免疫原性,可以使疫苗发挥出更大的效力。     

鸡白细胞介素2增强传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白DNA疫苗免疫原性的研究

鸡白细胞介素 2(IL-2)基因是新近被确定的非哺乳类IL-2基因。将鸡白细胞介素2(IL-2)基因和传染性法氏囊病病毒 (IBDV)多聚蛋白基因 (VP2/VP4/VP3)分别插入真核表达载体pCI的CMV启动子下游 ,制备DNA疫苗 ,免疫 14日龄SPF鸡 ,14d后二免 ,二免后 3d攻击标准强毒株。结果表明共注射鸡IL 2质粒能明显增强DNA疫苗对强毒攻击 ,保护率达 80 % ;能增强DNA疫苗诱导的中和抗体效价 (P<0.05 ) ;能显著促进鸡胸腺、脾脏和外周血液T淋巴细胞及法氏囊B淋巴细胞增殖反应(P<0.05)。这些结果提示鸡IL 2能明显增强IBDV多聚蛋白DNA疫苗的免疫原性 ,是一种优良的禽类DNA疫苗佐剂。     

Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments

The immunological characteristics of SARS-CoV spike protein were investigated by administering mice with plasmids encoding various S gene fragments. We showed that the secreting forms of S1, S2 subunits and the N-terminus of S1 subunit (residues 18-495) were capable of eliciting SARS-CoV specific antibodies and the region immediate to N-terminus of matured S1 protein contained an important immunogenic determinant for elicitation of SARS-CoV specific antibodies. In addition, mice immunized with plasmids encoding S1 fragment developed a Th1-mediated antibody isotype switching. Another interesting finding was that mouse antibodies elicited separately by plasmids encoding S1 and S2 subunits cooperatively neutralized SARS-CoV but neither the S1 nor S2 specific antibodies did, suggesting the possible role of both S1 and S2 subunits in host cell docking and entry. These results provide insights into understanding the immunological characteristics of spike protein and the development of subunit vaccines against SARS-CoV.     

Gene conjugation of molecular adjuvant C3d3 to hCGbeta increased the anti-hCGbeta Th2 and humoral immune response in DNA immunization

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) has been used as an anti-fertility vaccine and as a target for cancer immunotherapy. We have explored the use of three copies of C3d in DNA vaccine as molecular adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of this hormone in previous work and found that the immune response induced by pcDNA3-hCGbeta-C3d3 has been enhanced 243-fold compared with pcDNA3-hCGbeta following DNA immunization in BALB/c mice. In the present study, a new functionally active DNA vaccine of hCGbeta-C3d3 chimera based on pCMV4 vector has been described. We compared the expression efficiency of pCMV4 and pcDNA3 eukaryotic vectors for hCGbeta and hCGbeta-C3d3 fusion protein and the immune response of mice immunized with pcDNA3-hCGbeta, pCMV4-hCGbeta, pcDNA3-hCGbeta-C3d3 and pCMV4-hCGbeta-C3d3, respectively, at 25, 50 and 100 pmol dose, and further analyzed the levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines produced by spleen lymphocytes of the immunized mice upon hCG restimulation in vitro. It was found that pCMV4 vector achieved 1.3-1.5-fold higher protein expression and raised 1.1-1.2 (primary) and 1.2-1.3 (booster) logs higher titer of anti-hCGbeta IgG than pcDNA3. Mice vaccinated with 50 pmol of hCGbeta-C3d3-DNAs elicited the highest titer of hCGbeta-specific antibody among the serial doses and the immune response induced by pCMV4-hCGbeta-C3d3 were, respectively, 1.3, 1.3 and 1.2 logs higher than that of pcDNA3-hCGbeta-C3d3 and 2.2, 2.9 and 2.4 logs higher than that of pCMV4-hCGbeta at week 2 following the booster immunization. Moreover, we observed that the production of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in mice vaccinated with hCGbeta-C3d3-DNAs and the ratio of IL-4/IFN-(gamma) showed a Th2 bias of immune response in the mice immunized with hCGbeta-C3d3-DNAs. These findings indicated that gene fusion of C3d3 to hCGbeta, as a means of harnessing the adjuvant potential of the innate immune system, may improve the antigen-specific Th2 humoral immune response of the hCGbeta DNA vaccine and the pCMV4 vector is a more ideal eukaryotic vector for DNA vaccine than pcDNA3.     

大连市15岁以下儿童流行性腮腺炎感染状况及其疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解儿童中流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)的免疫情况,观察腮腺炎减毒活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。选取353名1~15岁儿童进行血清流行病学调查;对157名城、乡3~5岁儿童进行疫苗效果观察,并将其随机分成实验组和对照组;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清IgG。接种疫苗24h、48h、72h、96h后观察人体不良副反应;并分别在接种前及接种后1个月,分别采集免疫对象静脉血测定抗体。353名1~15岁儿童中腮腺炎抗体阳性179人,总阳性率为50.71%;0~1岁、2~6岁、7~12岁和13~15岁4组的抗体阳性率分别为21.84%、36.17%、69.41%和77.01%。实验组44名抗体阴性儿童接种了腮腺炎减毒活疫苗,1个月后抗体阳转率为93.18%,IgG呈4倍增长者23人,4倍增长率为52.27%。无一例出现严重的不良副反应。     

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)58型DNA疫苗免疫原性的初步分析

为了检测HPV 58型不同L1基因的DNA疫苗的免疫原性,以pcDNA3.1为载体分别构建含HFV 58型不同L1基因的DNA疫苗,命名为L1h、L1h△c、L1S、L1SM和L1wt.用免疫印迹法检测各DNA疫苗的体外表达情况;各重组质粒与pcDNA3.1-h58L2和pcDNA3.1-GFP共转染293FT细胞,检测其形成假病毒的能力;并将各DNA疫苗肌肉注射免疫小鼠,利用假病毒中和实验检测中和抗体水平,用ELISPOT检测细胞免疫情况.结果显示,本实验成功构建了五种DNA疫苗,L1h△c的体外表达量最高,L1S和L1SM的表达量次之,L1wt没有表达;重组质粒L1S能够形成假病毒,而其他四种重组质粒均不能形成假病毒.L1S和L1h均可在小鼠体内诱导中和抗体,但L1S诱导的中和抗体的平均滴度为1:6 400,明显高于L1h诱导的中和抗体水平(平均滴度为1:48),而其他疫苗在小鼠体内未产生中和抗体.对五种疫苗均未检测出特异性的细胞免疫反应.结果提示,体外能够组装成假病毒的DNA疫苗在免疫动物后可诱导高滴度的中和抗体,为今后DNA疫苗的筛选提供参考.     

疫苗分离纯化研究进展

综述了国内外关于疫苗分离纯化的研究进展,系统介绍了目前可用作各类疫苗(尤其是基因工程疫苗)分离纯化的方法。沉淀和离心等传统分离技术在各类疫苗的分离纯化中应用广泛,层析技术和其它分离技术的结合已成为疫苗分离纯化的主流,新型膜技术和亲和层析在基因工程亚单位疫苗分离纯化中的作用引人注目。