妊娠高血压疾病对妊娠结局的影响及防治对策探讨

目的：研究妊娠高血压疾病对妊娠结局的影响及防治对策讨论。方法：选择回顾性研究方法,选择2010年9月到2012年8月到我院的妊娠高血压患者60名作为观察组,并且同期选择60名正常妊娠妇女作为对照组,比较妊娠高血压患者的母体并发症（早产、胎盘早剥、产后出血）等及胎儿妊娠结局等情况与对照组的比较。结果：妊娠高血压患者不同程度对妊娠结局的影响不同P〈0．05,并且妊娠高血压患者的母体并发症与对新生儿的影响与对照组比较有差异P〈0．05,异常情况均较正常妊娠妇女要高。结论：妊娠高血压患者对妊娠结局的影响较为严重,对母婴危害严重,需积极预防。     

Measures to improve dairy cow foot health: consequences for farmer income and dairy cow welfare

Dairy farming in western countries with cubicle housing is an efficient way of dairy farming. Though, a disadvantage is the high prevalence and incidence of foot disorders (clinical and subclinical), which cause high economic losses and also seriously impair the welfare of dairy cattle. To point out the importance of reducing the amount and severity of foot disorders, advice to farmers should include information about the scale of the problem and the consequences in terms of economics and animal welfare. To provide support in making decisions on implementing intervention measures, insight into costs and benefits of different measures should be available. The objective of this study, therefore, is to provide more insight into the costs and benefits, for farmer and cow, of different intervention measures to improve dairy cow foot health. Intervention measures were modeled when they were applicable on a dairy farm with cubicle housing and when sufficient information was available in literature. Net costs were calculated as the difference between the costs of the measure and the economic benefits resulting from the measure. Welfare benefits were calculated as well. Cost-effective measures are: improving lying surface (mattress and bedding, €7 and €1/cow per year, respectively), reducing stocking density (break even) and performing additional foot trimming (€1/cow per year). Simultaneously, these measures have a relative high welfare benefit. Labor costs play an important role in the cost-effectiveness of labor-intensive measures. More insight into cost-effectiveness and welfare benefits of intervention measures can help to prioritize when choosing between intervention measures.     

Impairment of neuropsychological behaviors in ganglioside GM3-knockout mice

The ganglioside GM3 synthase (SAT-I), encoded by a single-copy gene, is a primary glycosyltransferase for the synthesis of complex gangliosides. Although its expression is tightly controlled during early embryo development and postnatal development and maturation in the brain, the physiological role of ganglioside GM3 in the regulation of neuronal functions has not been elucidated. In the present study, we examined motor activity, cognitive and emotional behaviors, and drug administration in juvenile GM3-knockout (GM3-KO) mice. GM3-KO male and female mice showed hyperactivity in the motor activity test, Y-maze test, and elevated plus maze test. In the Y-maze test, there was significantly less spontaneous alternation behavior in GM3-KO male mice than in wild-type mice. In the elevated plus maze test, the amount of time spent on the open arms by GM3-KO male mice was significantly higher than that of sex-matched wild-type mice. In contrast, there was no significant difference between GM3-KO and wild-type female mice in these tests. Thus, juvenile GM3-KO mice show gender-specific phenotypes resembling attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), namely hyperactivity, reduced attention, and increased impulsive behaviors. However, administration of methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) did not ameliorate hyperactivity in either male or female GM3-KO mice. Although these data demonstrate the involvement of ganglioside GM3 in ADHD and the ineffectiveness of MPH, the first-choice psychostimulant for ADHD medication, our studies indicate that juvenile GM3-KO mice are a useful tool for neuropsychological studies.     

Progesterone's effects on the psychology of disease avoidance: support for the compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis

In the human menstrual cycle, luteal phase immunomodulation prevents the maternal immune system from attacking the half-foreign blastocyst should conception occur, thereby facilitating implantation and development. However, tolerance of the conceptus comes at the cost of increased vulnerability to infection. The compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis (Fessler, 2001; Fessler & Navarrete, 2003) holds that evolved psychological mechanisms enhance avoidance of potential contaminants during periods of reproductive immunomodulation so as to decrease the likelihood of infection. Because such immunomodulation is triggered by progesterone, this hormone is predicted to correspondingly enhance behavioral prophylaxis and the motivational states underlying it. We investigated specific domains of disease avoidance psychology in a nonclinical sample of women (n = 120) by measuring salivary progesterone in naturally cycling women. We find that progesterone correlates directly with the degree to which women report emotions, thoughts, and behaviors consonant with enhanced prophylaxis.     

精神科医疗告知存在的问题及改进措施

医疗告知已成为当前医疗活动中的重要内容。由于精神疾病患者的特殊性,导致精神科医疗告知还存在许多未解的难题。分析精神科医疗告知存在的问题,探讨规范告知的内容、方式、流程,提出对策和改进措施,对临床工作具有一定的指导意义。     

对ICU临终患者终止治疗家庭会议讨论和沟通的满意度调查与分析

目的 确定患者和家属特征并以图表的方式列出治疗过程中与家属对ICU患者终止治疗的家庭会议讨论和沟通满意度提高相关的记录。方法 对鹤壁地区5家医院的ICU死亡患者进行了一项队列研究。 家属调查的结果包括家属对终止治疗的家庭会议讨论和沟通满意程度的总评分以及反映终止治疗的家庭会议讨论和沟通过程中支持感受的单项评分。结果 家属对终止治疗的家庭会议讨论和沟通的满意度与生命支持的放弃、医师建议放弃生命支持的图表记录、患者意愿的讨论和家属精神需要的讨论有关。决策过程中的支持感受与生命支持的放弃、给予精神关怀、医师建议放弃生命支持的图表记录、家属志愿放弃生命支持的表述以及家属精神需要的讨论有关。结论 家属对终止治疗的家庭会议讨论和沟通满意度的提高与放弃生命支持以及姑息治疗记录医师对放弃生命支持的建议、患者意愿的表述、家属精神需要的讨论有关。     

Roles of testosterone and amygdaloid LTP induction in determining sex differences in fear memory magnitude

Women are thought to form fear memory more robust than men do and testosterone is suspected to play a role in determining such a sex difference. Mouse cued fear freezing was used to study the sex-related susceptibility and the role of testosterone in fear memory in humans. A 75-dB tone was found to provoke weak freezing, while 0.15-mA and 0.20-mA footshock caused strong freezing responses. No sex differences were noticed in the tone- or footshock-induced (naïve fear) freezing. Following the conditionings, female mice exhibited greater tone (cued fear)-induced freezing than did male mice. Nonetheless, female mice demonstrated indistinctive cued fear freezing across the estrous phases and ovariectomy did not affect such freezing in female mice. Orchidectomy enhanced the cued fear freezing in male mice. Systemic testosterone administrations and an intra-lateral nucleus of amygdala (LA) testosterone infusion diminished the cued fear freezing in orchidectomized male mice, while pretreatment with flutamide (Flu) eradicated these effects. Long-term potentiation (LTP) magnitude in LA has been known to correlate with the strength of the cued fear conditioning. We found that LA LTP magnitude was indeed greater in female than male mice. Orchidectomy enhanced LTP magnitude in males' LA, while ovariectomy decreased LTP magnitude in females' LA. Testosterone decreased LTP magnitude in orchidectomized males' LA and estradiol enhanced LTP magnitude in ovariectomized females' LA. Finally, male mice had lower LA GluR1 expression than female mice and orchidectomy enhanced the GluR1 expression in male mice. These findings, taken together, suggest that testosterone plays a critical role in rendering the sex differences in the cued fear freezing and LA LTP. Testosterone is negatively associated with LA LTP and the cued fear memory in male mice. However, ovarian hormones and LA LTP are loosely associated with the cued fear memory in female mice.     

N-Linked glycan site occupancy impacts the distribution of a potassium channel in the cell body and outgrowths of neuronal-derived cells

Background

Vacancy of occupied N-glycosylation sites of glycoproteins is quite disruptive to a multicellular organism, as underlined by congenital disorders of glycosylation. Since a neuronal component is typically associated with this disease, we evaluated the impact of N-glycosylation processing of a neuronal voltage gated potassium channel, Kv3.1b, expressed in a neuronal-derived cell line, B35 neuroblastoma cells.

Methods

Total internal reflection fluorescence and differential interference contrast microscopy measurements of live B35 cells expressing wild type and glycosylation mutant Kv3.1b proteins were used to evaluate the distribution of the various forms of the Kv3.1b protein in the cell body and outgrowths. Cell adhesion assays were also employed.

Results

Microscopy images revealed that occupancy of both N-glycosylation sites of Kv3.1b had relatively similar amounts of Kv3.1b in the outgrowth and cell body while vacancy of one or both sites led to increased accumulation of Kv3.1b in the cell body. Further both the fully glycosylated and partially glycosylated N229Q Kv3.1b proteins formed higher density particles in outgrowths compared to cell body. Cellular assays demonstrated that the distinct spatial arrangements altered cell adhesion properties.

Conclusions

Our findings provide direct evidence that occupancy of the N-glycosylation sites of Kv3.1b contributes significantly to its lateral heterogeneity in membranes of neuronal-derived cells, and in turn alters cellular properties.

General significance

Our study demonstrates that N-glycans of Kv3.1b contain information regarding the association, clustering, and distribution of Kv3.1b in the cell membrane, and furthermore that decreased occupancy caused by congenital disorders of glycosylation may alter the biological activity of Kv3.1b.