Origin and phylogeny of Oryza species with the CD genome based on multiple-gene sequence data

The CD genome species in the genus Oryza are endemic to Latin America, including O. alta, O. grandiglumis and O. latifolia. Origins and phylogenetic relationship of these species have long been in dispute and are still ambiguous due to their homogeneous genome type, similar morphological characteristics and overlapping distribution. In the present study, we sequenced two chloroplast fragments (matK and trnL-trnF) and portions of three nuclear genes (Adh1, Adh2 and GPA1) from sixteen accessions representing seven species with the C, CD, and E genomes, as well as one G genome species as the outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and distance methods strongly supported that the CD genome originated from a single hybridization event, and that the C genome species (O. officinalis or O. rhizomatis instead of O. eichingeri) served as the maternal parent while the E genome species (O. australiensis) was the paternal donor during the formation of CD genome. In addition, the consistent phylogenetic relationships among the CCDD species indicated that significant divergence existed between O. latifolia and the other two (O. alta and O. grandiglumis), which corroborated the suggestion of treating the latter two as a single species or as taxa within species.We thank Tao Sang of Michigan State University (East Lansing, USA) and Bao-rong Lu of Fudan University (Shanghai, China) for their encouragement and assistance. We are also grateful to the International Rice Research Institute (Manila, Philippines) for providing plant material for this study. This research was supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (kscxz-sw-101A), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30025005) and the Program for Key International S & T Cooperation Project of P. R. China (2001CB711103).     

Phosphorylation of elF-4E and initiation of protein synthesis in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells

Mitogenic stimulation of protein synthesis is accompanied by an increase in elF-4E phosphorylation. The effect on protein synthesis by induction of differentiation is less well known. We treated P19 embryonal carcinoma cells with the differentiating agent retinoic acid and found that protein synthesis increased during the first hour of addition. However, the phosphorylation state, as well as the turnover of phosphate on elF-4E, remained unchanged. Apparently, the change in protein synthesis after RA addition is regulated by another mechanism than elF-4E phosphorylation. By using P19 cells overexpressing the EGF receptor, we show that the signal transduction pathway that leads to phosphorylation of elF-4E is present in P19 cells; the EGF-induced change in phosphorylation of elF-4E in these cells is likely to be regulated by a change in elF-4E phosphatase activity. These results suggest that the onset of retinoic acid-induced differentiation is triggered by a signal transduction pathway which involves changes in protein synthesis, but not elF-4E phosphorylation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Familial breast/ovarian cancer and BRCA1/2 genetic screening: the role of immunohistochemistry as an additional method in the selection of patients.

Only 20-25% of families screened for BRCA1/2 mutations are found positive. Because only a positive result is informative, we studied the role of BRCA1/2 immunohistochemistry as an additional method for patient selection. From 53 high-risk-affected probands, 18 (34%) had available paraffin blocks of their tumors and were selected for this study. Mutation screening was done by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. For immunohistochemistry, 21 neoplastic specimens (15 breast carcinomas, 5 ovary neoplasms, and 1 rectal adenocarcinoma) were analyzed with BRCA1 (monoclonal antibody, Ab-1, oncogene) and BRCA2 (polyclonal antibody, Ab-2, oncogene) antibodies. Absence of the BRCA1 protein was confirmed in negative tumors by Western blotting. Seven patients were positive for BRCA1/2 mutations: 5 for BRCA1 and 2 for BRCA2. Four out of five positive patients had tumors negative for BRCA1 immunostaining, and the remaining 13 BRCA1-negative patients had positive BRCA1 immunostaining in all tumor samples. Sensitivity to predict for BRCA1 mutation carriers was 80%, and specificity was 100%, with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 93%. This correlation was statistically significant (p=0.001). No correlation was observed for BRCA2. If larger studies confirm these results, high-risk patients with BRCA1-negative tumors should be screened first for this gene.     

Cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling enzymes are altered during development of heart failure

Cardiolipin (CL) is responsible for modulation of activities of various enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. Although energy production decreases in heart failure (HF), regulation of cardiolipin during HF development is unknown. Enzymes involved in cardiac cardiolipin synthesis and remodeling were studied in spontaneously hypertensive HF (SHHF) rats, explanted hearts from human HF patients, and nonfailing Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The biosynthetic enzymes cytidinediphosphatediacylglycerol synthetase (CDS), phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase (PGPS) and cardiolipin synthase (CLS) were investigated. Mitochondrial CDS activity and CDS-1 mRNA increased in HF whereas CDS-2 mRNA in SHHF and humans, not in SD rats, decreased. PGPS activity, but not mRNA, increased in SHHF. CLS activity and mRNA decreased in SHHF, but mRNA was not significantly altered in humans. Cardiolipin remodeling enzymes, monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase (MLCL AT) and tafazzin, showed variable changes during HF. MLCL AT activity increased in SHHF. Tafazzin mRNA decreased in SHHF and human HF, but not in SD rats. The gene expression of acyl-CoA: lysocardiolipin acyltransferase-1, an endoplasmic reticulum MLCL AT, remained unaltered in SHHF rats. The results provide mechanisms whereby both cardiolipin biosynthesis and remodeling are altered during HF. Increases in CDS-1, PGPS, and MLCL AT suggest compensatory mechanisms during the development of HF. Human and SD data imply that similar trends may occur in human HF, but not during nonpathological aging, consistent with previous cardiolipin studies.     

Immunofluorescent analysis of meiotic recombination in the domestic cat

The paper presents the analysis of the frequency, density, and distribution of recombination sites in the male meiosis of the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus). The study was carried out using immunofluorescent staining of synaptonemal complex (SC) proteins, centromeric proteins and mismatch repair protein MLH1, a reliable marker of crossingover sites. We mapped 2633 sites of crossing over in 1098 individual autosomes. Based on these data, we estimated the total length of the genetic map of the domestic cat to be 2176 centimorgans. Positive correlation between the length of SC and the number of recombination sites common for mammalians was also found in the domestic cat. It was shown that this species was characterized by the highest density of recombination and the lowest interference in mammals.     

A role for Rev in the association of HIV-1 gag mRNA with cytoskeletal β-actin and viral protein expression

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) Rev acts by inducing the specific nucleocytoplasmic transport of a class of incompletely spliced RNAs that encodes the viral structural proteins. The transfection of HeLA cells with a rev-defective HIV-1 expression plasmid, however, resulted in the export of overexpressed, intron-containing species of viral RNAs, possibly through a default process of nuclear retention. Thus, this system enabled us to directly compare Rev⁺ and Rev⁻ cells as to the usage of RRE-containing mRNAs by the cellular translational machinery. Biochemical examination of the transfected cells revealed that although significant levels of gag and env mRNAs were detected in both the presence and absence of Rev, efficient production of viral proteins was strictly dependent on the presence of Rev. A fluoroscence in situ hybridisation assay confirmed these findings and provided further evidence that even in the presence of Rev, not all of the viral mRNA was equally translated. At the early phase of RNA export in Rev⁺ cells, gag mRNA was observed throughout both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm as uniform fine stippling. In addition, the mRNA formed clusters mainly in the perinuclear region, which were not observed in Rev⁻ cells. In the presence of Rev, expression of the gag protein was limited to these perinuclear sites where the mRNA accumulated. Subsequent staining of the cytoskeletal proteins demonstrated that in Rev⁺ cells gag mRNA is colocalized with β-actin in the sites where the RNA formed clusters. In the absence of Rev, in contrast, the gag mRNA failed to associate with the cytoskeletal proteins. These results suggest that in addition to promoting the emergence of intron-containing RNA from the nucleus, Rev plays an important role in the compartmentation of translation by directing RRE-containing mRNAs to the β-actin to form the perinuclear clusters at which the synthesis of viral structural proteins begins.     

Calcium-dependent binding of EDTA-extractable proteins to calf lens fiber membrane structures

Calf lens fiber membranes and fractions enriched in junction-like structures have been isolated in the absence and presence of EDTA. Their biochemical features have been studied. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting experiments have provided evidence that a distinct group of EDTA-extractable proteins, being one of the main protein components of calf lens fiber membranes and very likely also of junction-like structures, is bound to these membranes via calcium ions. In addition to these proteins, four polypeptides with apparent molecular weights between 14 000 and 17 000 are characteristic for detergent-insoluble lens fiber structures prepared in calcium-rich medium. The absence of EDTA-extractable proteins in the urea-soluble calcium-containing fraction implies that they are not components of the cytoskeleton and that the calcium-dependent binding of these proteins to the membrane is urea-resistant. The use of EDTA throughout the whole membrane isolation procedure results in their complete removal from the membranes which already starts during buffer washing. This indicates that EDTA-extractable proteins exclusively consist of extrinsic membrane proteins which probably are not involved in cytoskeleton binding.     

The application of a potential-sensitive cyanine dye to rat small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles

The sensitivity of the fluorescent dye, 3,3′-diethylthiadicarbocyanine (DiS-C₂(5)), was too low for the detection of membrane potential changes in rat small intestinal membrane vesicles. Only after adding LaCl₃ or after fractionation of the intestinal membranes by free-flow electrophoresis could the dye be used to monitor electrogenic Na⁺-dependent transport systems. It is concluded that the response of this potential-sensitive dye is influenced by the negative surface charge density of the vesicles.     

Macromolecular synthesis in organ cultures of neonatal rat lung

Organ cultures of newborn rat lungs synthesize and accumulate DNA, RNA, collagen and noncollagenous proteins almost at a linear rate for at least 5 days. During this period the synthesis of collagen consistently exceeds the synthesis of noncollagenous proteins in a pattern similar to neonatal lung growth in vivo. Although some morphological characteristics of lung architecture are distorted after culture, fundamental structural similarities to lungs growing in intact animals are retained. When these cultures are maintained in atmospheres rich in oxygen, increased collagen synthesis is observed, a response similar to that of lungs in intact animals exposed to high oxygen concentrations in vivo. Our studies suggest that lung organ cultures may be a suitable system for investigating the biochemical aspects of lung tissue-environmental interaction. These studies were supported in parts by NIH Grant HL-19668, a contract (68-03-2005) from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and grants from the California Lung Association.