取食B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草对B型烟粉虱和烟蚜体内保护酶和消化酶活性的影响

前期研究发现, 重要的外来入侵害虫B型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci在烟草植株上对烟蚜Myzus persicae具有明显的种间竞争优势。为明确两种害虫的生理适应性差异对其种间竞争的影响, 用生化分析法研究了两种成虫取食B型烟粉虱为害的烟草植株后其体内主要保护酶和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明: B型烟粉虱取食其前侵染的烟草植株6, 12, 24, 48和72 h后, 其体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性均显著增加（P<0.05）, 过氧化物酶（POD）活性在取食12和24 h后变化不明显, 但在取食6, 48和72 h后也显著增加（P<0.05）, B型烟粉虱体内的这3种酶活性的最高值较对照最高分别增加达1.62, 2.71和2.57倍。烟蚜取食B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草植株在多数取食时间段内, 其体内PPO和SOD的活性仅略有增加, 但在取食12 h后SOD的活性受到明显的抑制。POD活性除在取食24 h后显著高于对照外, 在取食其他时间后均受到显著的抑制（P<0.05）。B型烟粉虱取食其前侵染的烟草植株不同时间后, 其体内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性均显著增加, 最大值分别是对照的1.54倍和1.33倍; 烟蚜取食烟草植株6 h后, 其体内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性与对照相比没有明显差异（P<0.05）, 但随着取食时间的延长, 这两种酶活性被显著抑制, 其最低值分别为对照的0.39和0.72倍。结果提示: 与烟蚜相比, B型烟粉虱取食经B型烟粉虱前侵染的烟草后其体内保护酶和消化酶的活性提高是其具有较高适应性的原因之一。     

Risk and protective factors for mental disorders beyond genetics: an evidence‐based atlas

Decades of research have revealed numerous risk factors for mental disorders beyond genetics, but their consistency and magnitude remain uncer­tain. We conducted a “meta‐umbrella” systematic synthesis of umbrella reviews, which are systematic reviews of meta‐analyses of individual studies, by searching international databases from inception to January 1, 2021. We included umbrella reviews on non‐purely genetic risk or protective factors for any ICD/DSM mental disorders, applying an established classification of the credibility of the evidence: class I (convincing), class II (highly suggestive), class III (suggestive), class IV (weak). Sensitivity analyses were conducted on prospective studies to test for temporality (reverse causation), TRANSD criteria were applied to test transdiagnosticity of factors, and A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) was employed to address the quality of meta‐analyses. Fourteen eligible umbrella reviews were retrieved, summarizing 390 meta‐analyses and 1,180 associations between putative risk or protective factors and mental disorders. We included 176 class I to III evidence associations, relating to 142 risk/protective factors. The most robust risk factors (class I or II, from prospective designs) were 21. For dementia, they included type 2 diabetes mellitus (risk ratio, RR from 1.54 to 2.28), depression (RR from 1.65 to 1.99) and low frequency of social contacts (RR=1.57). For opioid use disorders, the most robust risk factor was tobacco smoking (odds ratio, OR=3.07). For non‐organic psychotic disorders, the most robust risk factors were clinical high risk state for psychosis (OR=9.32), cannabis use (OR=3.90), and childhood adversities (OR=2.80). For depressive disorders, they were widowhood (RR=5.59), sexual dysfunction (OR=2.71), three (OR=1.99) or four‐five (OR=2.06) metabolic factors, childhood physical (OR=1.98) and sexual (OR=2.42) abuse, job strain (OR=1.77), obesity (OR=1.35), and sleep disturbances (RR=1.92). For autism spectrum disorder, the most robust risk factor was maternal overweight pre/during pregnancy (RR=1.28). For attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), they were maternal pre‐pregnancy obesity (OR=1.63), maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR=1.60), and maternal overweight pre/during pregnancy (OR=1.28). Only one robust protective factor was detected: high physical activity (hazard ratio, HR=0.62) for Alzheimer’s disease. In all, 32.9% of the associations were of high quality, 48.9% of medium quality, and 18.2% of low quality. Transdiagnostic class I‐III risk/protective factors were mostly involved in the early neurodevelopmental period. The evidence‐based atlas of key risk and protective factors identified in this study represents a benchmark for advancing clinical characterization and research, and for expanding early intervention and preventive strategies for mental disorders.     

The cell surface structure of tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton

Tumor endothelial marker 8 (TEM8) is an integrin-like cell surface protein upregulated on tumor blood vessels and a potential vascular target for cancer therapy. Here, we found that the ability of an anti-TEM8 antibody, clone SB5, to recognize the extracellular domain of TEM8 on the cell surface depends on other host-cell factors. By taking advantage of SB5's ability to distinguish different forms of cell surface TEM8, we identified alpha-smooth muscle actin and transgelin, an actin binding protein, as intracellular factors able to alter TEM8 cell surface structure. Overexpression of either of these proteins in cells converted TEM8 from an SB5-exposed to an SB5-masked form and protected cells from SB5-saporin immunotoxins. Because the predominant form of TEM8 on the cell surface is not recognized by SB5, we also developed a new monoclonal antibody, called AF334, which is able to recognize both the SB5-exposed and the SB5-masked forms of TEM8. AF334-saporin selectively killed TEM8-positive cells independent of TEM8 cell surface structure. These studies reveal that TEM8 exists in different forms at the cell surface, a structure dependent on interactions with components of the actin cytoskeleton, and should aid in the rational design of the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic anti-TEM8 monoclonal antibodies.     

安徽黄缘闭壳龟（ Cuora flavomarginata） 野生种群的现状及其保护建议

安徽是濒危物种黄缘闭壳龟的重要分布区之一,由于人类活动使得该龟栖息地日益减少,生存空间被挤占。加之近年来日益频繁的黄缘闭壳龟贸易所带来的肆意滥捕以及缺乏有效的保护措施,导致其野生种群衰减严重,数量已经十分稀少,同时买卖和饲养也进一步加剧了黄缘闭壳龟的非自然扩散和引入。目前黄缘闭壳龟在安徽的具体产地一直缺乏一个较为科学的研究,而了解黄缘闭壳龟在安徽的具体分布状况,对于该龟的保护至关重要。2011年—2012年5月至10月间,采用市场和访问调查以及野外实地调查相结合的方法,对安徽黄缘闭壳龟野生种群现状进行了研究,并对调查结果进行了报道,同时针对保护管理中存在的问题,提出相应的保护建议。     

A mutation protective against Alzheimer's disease renders amyloid β precursor protein incapable of mediating neurotoxicity

Expression of a familial Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐linked mutant of amyloid β precursor protein (APP) or the binding of transforming growth factor β2 to wild‐type (wt)‐APP causes neuronal death by activating an intracellular death signal (a APP‐mediated intracellular death signal) in the absence of the involvement of amyloid β (Aβ) toxicity in vitro. These neuronal death models may therefore be regarded as Aβ‐independent neuronal death models related to AD. A recent study has shown that the A673T mutation in the APP isoform APP₇₇₀, corresponding to the A598T mutation in the most prevalent neuronal APP isoform APP₆₉₅ (an AD‐protective mutant of APP), is linked to a reduction in the incidence rate of AD. Consistent with this, cells expressing the AD‐protective mutant of APP produce less Aβ than cells expressing wt‐APP. In this study, transforming growth factor β2 caused death in cultured neuronal cells expressing wt‐APP, but not in those expressing the AD‐protective mutant of APP. This result suggests that the AD‐protective mutation of APP reduces the incidence rate of AD by attenuating the APP‐mediated intracellular death signal. In addition, a mutation that causes hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis‐Dutch type also attenuated the APP‐mediated intracellular death signal.

     

Gene Cloning,Expression and Immunogenicity of the Protective Antigen Subolesin in Dermacentor silvarum

Subolesin (4D8), the ortholog of insect akirins, is a highly conserved protective antigen and thus has the potential for development of a broad-spectrum vaccine against ticks and mosquitoes. To date, no protective antigens have been characterized nor tested as candidate vaccines against Dermacentor silvarum bites and transmission of associated pathogens. In this study, we cloned the open reading frame (ORF) of D. silvarum 4D8 cDNA (Ds4D8), which consisted of 498 bp encoding 165 amino acid residues. The results of sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that D. silvarum 4D8 (Ds4D8) is highly conserved showing more than 81% identity of amino acid sequences with those of other hard ticks. Additionally, Ds4D8 containing restriction sites was ligated into the pET-32(a+) expression vector and the recombinant plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli rosetta. The recombinant Ds4D8 (rDs4D8) was induced by isopropyl β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and purified using Ni affinity chromatography. The SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of rDs4D8 was 40 kDa, which was consistent with the expected molecular mass considering 22 kDa histidine-tagged thioredoxin (TRX) protein from the expression vector. Western blot results showed that rabbit anti-D. silvarum serum recognized the expressed rDs4D8, suggesting an immune response against rDs4D8. These results provided the basis for developing a candidate vaccine against D. silvarum ticks and transmission of associated pathogens.     

多氯联苯对桐花树幼苗生长及膜保护酶系统的影响

通过盆栽实验,研究了不同浓度(180、900、1 800和2 700 μg·kg^-1)多氯联苯(PCBs)对红树植物桐花树幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、膜质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）以及膜保护酶系统的影响.结果表明：PCBs对桐花树幼苗的生长有一定的促进作用,随着PCBs浓度的提高,桐花树幼苗的茎高、茎径和茎体积均呈升高趋势;在试验PCBs浓度范围内,桐花树幼苗叶片能保持相对正常的叶绿素水平和相对稳定的叶绿素a/b值,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素a+b含量虽然有所降低,但均未低于对照的75%;叶绿素a/b值有所升高,但均未超过对照的10％.随着PCBs浓度的提高,桐花树幼苗叶片SOD活性呈单峰曲线变化,而POD活性和MDA含量呈单谷曲线变化.红树植物桐花树可通过生理生化机制适应一定浓度的PCBs污染,对PCBs有较强的耐受性和适应性,可用于PCBs污染的植物修复.     

从恢复生态学视角透析防护林衰退及其防治对策：以章古台地区樟子松林为例

针对防护林衰退问题,以章古台樟子松固沙林为案例,应用生态演替、干扰、种群密度等关键性恢复生态学理论和原则,对防护林在决策层面的设计要素的科学性及其与衰退的关系进行了分析和评价,认为大面积造林与地带性顶极的不吻合（即偏离生态学原则）,使防护林建设的目标、步骤、树种的组成和密度等出现了偏颇,成为防护林衰退的最深层次的原因,疏于管理和粗放经营以及频频发生的自然和人为干扰也是致衰的重要因素;据此提出深化对受损生态系统的认识、强化物质和能量的投入、建立干扰的防控体系等对策.文中还就人工植被建设目标与生态演替顶极类型的判别,以及偏途顶极在人工植被建设中的应用问题进行了讨论,一并作为对策以供参考.     

Different mechanisms of the biochemical adaptation of mycelial fungi to temperature stress: Changes in the cytosol carbohydrate composition

The effect of temperature stress on the cytosol carbohydrate composition of fungi belonging to various systematic groups was investigated. InMucorales representatives (subkingdomEomycota, phylumArchetnycota, classZygomycetes), adaptation to hypo- and hyperthermia occurs via the regulation of trehalose synthesis, although inositol is also involved in these processes inBlakeslea trispora. InAscomycota (subkingdomNeomycota), oversynthesis of mannitol and glycerol occurs under hypothermia, whereas oversynthesis of trehalose and inositol takes place under hyperthermia.Basidiomycota (subkingdomNeomycota) use two pathways of biochemical adaptation, depending on the cytosol carbohydrate composition. In the absence of sucrose, glycerol and arabitol are involved in the adaptation to hyperthermia; trehalose accumulates under hypothermic conditions (type I of regulation). Type II regulation (revealed inPleurotus ostreatus) involves sucrose rather than glycerol or arabitol. The data obtained are discussed in terms of fungal systematics and phylogeny.