Effects of the infestation by Actinote thalia pyrrha (Fabricius) on the physiological indexes of Mikania micrantha leaves

Mikania micrantha is a dangerous exotic weed now found throughout Guangdong Province, China. Introduced by the Indonesian Oil Palm Institute, lepidopteran defoliator Actinote thalia pyrrha (Fabricius) is a potential biological control factor for M. micrantha. Changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenoldoxidase (PPO), the total phenolics content, and the capacity of scavenging 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydazyl (DPPH) free radicals in M. micrantha leaves were analyzed after infestation by A. thalia pyrrha larvae. The results showed that a slight change of all the indexes in the damaged leaves appeared within 3 h. After four days of infestation by A. thalia pyrrha , SOD and POD activities in the damaged leaves were higher than those of the control. But CAT activity was lower than that of the control, indicating that the SOD and POD functions were impeded more than those of CAT. The SOD and POD activities reached their highest values after 48 h of infestation by A. thalia pyrrha and then decreased, whereas the highest activity of CAT occurred after 24 h and then decreased. PPO activity fluctuated greatly with its three peak values being 1.83, 1.92, and 2.17 times that of the control. The total phenolics content increased initially and then decreased after 72 h of infestation by A. thalia pyrrha . The capacity of scavenging DPPH was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). SOD activity positively correlated with CAT and POD activities for both damaged and normal leaves. However, the value of the correlation coefficient in the damaged leaves was higher than that in the normal leaves. The total phenolics content also showed a weak positive correlation with PPO activity. It is suggested that the protective response of M. micrantha to infestation by A. thalia pyrrha was short and limited, but resulted in a reduced function of the leaves, disturbed the metabolism in the protective enzyme system, and decreased the antioxidative capacity. M. micrantha was unable to resist the feeding stress by altering the content of the total phenolics.     

盐胁迫下镧对水稻幼苗生长的保护效应

通过液培实验,研究水稻幼苗在盐胁迫下,镧对水稻幼苗的保护作用。结果表明：水稻幼苗植株在≤1．5％的盐浓度的盐胁迫下,10mg·L^-1镧能提高幼苗植株超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性;降低幼苗植株脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）的含量和脯氨酸（Pro）的含量;减小质膜透性;提高叶片叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b的比值;增强根系的活力,进而促进水稻幼苗的生长。10mg·L^-1镧对盐胁迫的缓解作用与盐浓度有关,随着盐浓度增大,镧的缓解作用将逐渐消失。分析表明,在≤1．0％和≥0．5％的盐浓度胁迫下,镧对水稻幼苗的生长存在更有效的防御机制,能够促进水稻幼苗的生长代谢。     

Role of the Protective Antigen Octamer in the Molecular Mechanism of Anthrax Lethal Toxin Stabilization in Plasma

Anthrax is caused by strains of Bacillus anthracis that produce two key virulence factors, anthrax toxin (Atx) and a poly-γ-D-glutamic acid capsule. Atx is comprised of three proteins: protective antigen (PA) and two enzymes, lethal factor (LF) and edema factor (EF). To disrupt cell function, these components must assemble into holotoxin complexes, which contain either a ring-shaped homooctameric or homoheptameric PA oligomer bound to multiple copies of LF and/or EF, producing lethal toxin (LT), edema toxin, or mixtures thereof. Once a host cell endocytoses these complexes, PA converts into a membrane-inserted channel that translocates LF and EF into the cytosol. LT can assemble on host cell surfaces or extracellularly in plasma. We show that, under physiological conditions in bovine plasma, LT complexes containing heptameric PA aggregate and inactivate more readily than LT complexes containing octameric PA. LT complexes containing octameric PA possess enhanced stability, channel-forming activity, and macrophage cytotoxicity relative to those containing heptameric PA. Under physiological conditions, multiple biophysical probes reveal that heptameric PA can prematurely adopt the channel conformation, but octameric PA complexes remain in their soluble prechannel configuration, which allows them to resist aggregation and inactivation. We conclude that PA may form an octameric oligomeric state as a means to produce a more stable and active LT complex that could circulate freely in the blood.     

Production and characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that recognize an epitope in domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen

Antibodies against the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis play a key role in response to infection by this important pathogen. The aim of this study was to produce and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for PA and to identify novel neutralizing epitopes. Three murine mAbs with high specificity and nanomolar affinity for B. anthracis recombinant protective antigen (rPA) were produced and characterized. Western immunoblot analysis, coupled with epitope mapping using overlapping synthetic peptides, revealed that these mAbs recognize a linear epitope within domain 2 of rPA. Neutralization assays demonstrate that these mAbs effectively neutralize lethal toxin in vitro.     

Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白对粘虫中肠几种酶活性的影响

为阐明Bt杀虫蛋白对次要靶标害虫粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker) （鳞翅目： 夜蛾科）的生理学影响, 本研究分析比较了粘虫高龄幼虫在室内取食低剂量Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白6, 12, 24和36 h后, 其体内主要的解毒酶（酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶）、 保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶、 过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶）和中肠蛋白酶（总蛋白酶、 强碱性类胰蛋白酶、 弱碱性类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶）等活性的变化。结果表明, 取食Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白后, 粘虫幼虫体内相关酶活力呈现不同的变化趋势： （1）酯酶、 谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、 过氧化物酶(POD)、 类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力较对照显著降低（P<0.05）; （2）超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 活力较对照显著升高（P<0.05）; （3）过氧化氢酶(CAT) 活力于6, 12和24 h显著低于对照（P<0.05）, 36 h时显著高于对照（P<0.05）。结果提示Cry1Ac杀虫蛋白主要通过抑制粘虫幼虫中肠解毒酶和蛋白酶的活性, 扰乱SOD, CAT 和POD 3种保护酶的动态平衡而干扰幼虫的正常生理代谢, 从而起到毒杀粘虫的作用。     

RIG‐I detects infection with live Listeria by sensing secreted bacterial nucleic acids

Immunity against infection with Listeria monocytogenes is not achieved from innate immune stimulation by contact with killed but requires viable Listeria gaining access to the cytosol of infected cells. It has remained ill‐defined how such immune sensing of live Listeria occurs. Here, we report that efficient cytosolic immune sensing requires access of nucleic acids derived from live Listeria to the cytoplasm of infected cells. We found that Listeria released nucleic acids and that such secreted bacterial RNA/DNA was recognized by the cytosolic sensors RIG‐I, MDA5 and STING thereby triggering interferon β production. Secreted Listeria nucleic acids also caused RIG‐I‐dependent IL‐1β‐production and inflammasome activation. The signalling molecule CARD9 contributed to IL‐1β production in response to secreted nucleic acids. In conclusion, cytosolic recognition of secreted bacterial nucleic acids by RIG‐I provides a mechanistic explanation for efficient induction of immunity by live bacteria.     

活性炭对苦荞幼苗根系和叶片生理特性的影响

以山西省主栽苦荞品种‘黑丰1号’温室盆栽幼苗为材料,设置土壤活性炭含量分别为0(CK)、2.5(B2.5)、5.0(B5.0)、7.5(B7.5)、10(B10)g/kg共5个水平,研究土壤中施加活性炭后对苦荞幼苗根系及碳氮代谢、保护酶活性等指标的影响.结果显示:(1)随着活性炭施用比例的增加,苦荞幼苗根系生长指标和根系活力指标均呈先增后减的趋势,根平均直径呈先减后增的趋势,其中B5.0、B7.5处理的幼苗根系总长度、总表面积、总体积、活跃吸收面积、根尖数均显著高于对照,但B10处理的根系发育减弱.(2)随活性炭施用比例的增加,苦荞幼苗叶片蔗糖酶活性变化呈先增后减的趋势,同一处理水平条件下随苦荞的生长而逐渐下降;B2.5、B5.0处理苦荞幼苗叶片蔗糖酶活性和可溶性糖含量均比CK极显著增加,B7.5处理略有提高,B10处理差异不显著.(3)苦荞幼苗叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性随活性炭的增加基本呈上升趋势,而同一处理水平下随苦荞的生长而下降;叶片GS活性在B5.0、B7.5处理时比CK极显著提高,可溶性蛋白质含量在B7.5处理时也显著提高.(4)叶片保护酶SOD、POD、CAT活性随活性炭浓度的升高呈先升后降的变化趋势,而同一处理水平下各时期间变化不大;B2.5处理叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性比对照显著增强.研究发现,适量施用活性炭(2.5～7.5g/kg)能有效促进苦荞幼苗碳氮代谢和保护酶活性,增强其根系活力.     

添加保护剂促进碱性果胶酶的工业保藏稳定性

保藏稳定性对于商品酶具有重要的实际意义。通过对碱性果胶酶的保护剂进行研究,最终筛选得到最优复合保护剂配方为：Tween201mL／L,六偏磷酸钠1．5g／L,明胶5g／L,甘油5％（口～）,CaCl22g／L;热稳定性提高18倍。此外在常温保藏时,在酶液中添加0．3‰山梨酸钾和0．3‰苯甲酸钠,能有效提高保藏效果,减少酶液染茵、混浊和发臭,最终常温保藏90d后酶活保留率为84．5％,达到工业化保藏的要求。     

波浪冠层栽培模式对高油大豆叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响

 为探明波浪冠层栽培模式增产增效的机理,为其推广应用提供理论依据,2005～2006年以高油大豆(Glycine max）品种‘鲁豆9号’为试验材料 ,采用大田试验和室内生理生化测定相结合的方法,研究了波浪冠层栽培模式对高油大豆叶片活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响。结果表明,波浪 冠层群体与对照CK相比,可溶性蛋白质含量平均增加1.56 mg·g^-1,增加0.034％,其中结荚期最多,为9.43 mg·g^-1,增加1.35％,差异达到极 显著水平;可溶性糖含量平均增加了3.82 mg·g^-1,增加7.18％,其中开花期最多,为12.51 mg·g^-1,高达48.41％,差异达到极显著水平。可 溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的变化更利于C、N代 谢和源、库、流的协调,其中,C代谢改善和提高的水平高于N代谢。保护性酶过氧化物酶 （Peroxidase, POD）活性平均增高20.13％,在结荚期最多,高达46.53%,差异达到极显著水平,POD是关键保护性酶,其保护作用强于超氧化 物歧化酶（Superoxide dismutase, SOD）和过氧化氢酶（Catalase, CAT）;SOD活性平均增高2.28％;CAT活性平均增高0.48％;膜脂过氧化 产物丙二醛（Malondialdehype, MDA）含量降低。保护性酶POD、SOD和CAT活性升高,MDA含量降低,作物清除活性氧的能力增强,延缓衰老。 波浪冠层群体与对照保护性酶变化规律一致,即SOD活性高峰出现时期最早,CAT次之,POD最晚,这表明在大豆不同的生育期,不同保护酶分别 发挥着不同程度的保护作用。因此,该栽培模式对大豆活性氧代谢和膜脂过氧化的影响明显,有利于作物高产优质高效目标的实现。     

不同能源柳无性系对土壤镉污染的抗性研究

运为了比较不同能源柳无性系对土壤镉抗性的差异,采用盆栽方法,设置土壤镉含量5个梯度(0、10、20、40、80 mg·kg^-1),以乡土旱柳为对照,对能柳1、能柳2、能柳E、能柳C的扦插幼苗对土壤镉污染的生理生态反应进行了系统测定,分析了不同无性系的抗性。结果显示,低浓度处理（≤20 mg·kg^-1）促进苗木生长,其中能柳2在10 mg·kg^-1处理下根和单株生物量增幅最大,可达到对照的132.0%和120.0%;随着镉浓度的增加,生长量下降,在最高浓度处理下,能柳C生长量降低最少,根、枝、叶和单株生物量分别为对照的86.1%、85.3%、82.9%、84.9%,旱柳的枝、叶生物量降低最多,为对照（无镉）的43.8%、45.0%,而能柳1的根、单株生物量降低最多,仅为对照的36.1%、44.4%;随着镉浓度的增加,不同能源柳无性系叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性和根系活力基本呈现先升后降的趋势,其中,CAT活性变化较为平缓;关于SOD活性和根系活力,能柳1、能柳2在20 mg·kg^-1时已显著下降,旱柳在40 mg·kg^-1时显著下降,而能柳E、能柳C在40 mg·kg^-1时才显著下降。采用隶属函数对5个无性系在镉胁迫条件下的生长和酶指标进行综合分析,不同无性系对土壤镉污染的抗性顺序为能柳C>能柳2>能柳1>旱柳>能柳E。不同无性系对镉均有抗性,都可在镉污染区推广种植,栽培中,应根据土壤污染和绿化目标,做出适当选择。