右美托咪啶减少小儿腭裂手术后苏醒期躁动的研究

目的:探讨是否持续静脉泵注右美托咪啶能够减少小儿腭裂修补手术全麻后恢复期躁动的发生。方法:选取择期行唇腭裂检查的患儿60例,随机分为右美托咪定组(D组)和生理盐水组(C组),D组于全麻诱导后给于持续泵注右美托咪啶(0.6μg/kg min),C组则给与相同体积的生理盐水。两组的诱导方法相同:芬太尼0.005 mg/kg,异丙酚2mg/kg,维库溴铵0.2 mg/kg,麻醉维持主要是泵注瑞芬太尼0.1μg/kg·h及吸入2%-3%的七氟醚。记录患者在手术开始时刻(T1),手术后15 min(T2),30 min(T3)和拔管时刻(T4)的生命体征,记录患者呼吸恢复时间和拔管时间,术后躁动情况,使用躁动行为评分表,对记录的数据进行组间比较,计量资料采用x±s,采用t检验,计数资料采用X~2检验。结果:C组患者的心率在手术开始时刻(T1),手术后15 min(T2),30 min(T3)和拔管时刻(T4)明显高于D组(P0.05);C组平均动脉压在各个时刻明显高于D组;D组的躁动评分明显的低于C组(P0.05),D组的躁动发生率是20%,C组的发生率是80%(P0.05)。结论:右美托咪啶持续泵注下行小儿腭裂修补对循环影响较小,可以显著地降低全麻后患儿的躁动发生率。     

Neurodegeneration in an Animal Model of Chronic Amyloid-beta Oligomer Infusion Is Counteracted by Antibody Treatment Infused with Osmotic Pumps

Decline in hippocampal-dependent explicit memory (memory for facts and events) is one of the earliest clinical symptom of Alzheimer''s disease (AD). It is well established that synapse loss and ensuing neurodegeneration are the best predictors for memory impairments in AD. Latest studies have emphasized the neurotoxic role of soluble amyloid-beta oligomers (Aβo) that begin to accumulate in the human brain approximately 10 to 15 yr before the clinical symptoms become apparent. Many reports indicate that soluble Aβo correlate with memory deficits in AD models and humans. The Aβo-induced neurodegeneration observed in neuronal and brain slice cultures has been more challenging to reproduce in many animal models. The model of repeated Aβo infusions shown here overcome this issue and allow addressing two key domains for developing new disease modifying therapies: identify biological markers to diagnose early AD, and determine the molecular mechanisms underpinning Aβo-induced memory deficits at the onset of AD. Since soluble Aβo aggregate relatively fast into insoluble Aβ fibrils that correlate poorly with the clinical state of patients, soluble Aβo are prepared freshly and injected once per day during six days to produce marked cell death in the hippocampus. We used cannula specially design for simultaneous infusions of Aβo and continuous infusion of Aβo antibody (6E10) in the hippocampus using osmotic pumps. This innovative in vivo method can now be used in preclinical studies to validate the efficiency of new AD therapies that might prevent the deposition and neurotoxicity of Aβo in pre-dementia patients.     

A clinical analysis on 40 cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome

Objective: To investigate clinical and imaging features of 40 patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH).

Methods: 40 cases of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) diagnosed in our hospital from June 2013 to September 2017 were collected and retrospectively analyzed.

Results: In our study, the male to female ratio was 2:3. The average age of onset was 43.0?±?15.0?years. There were 12 (30.0%) patients with clear incentives, mostly catching cold. The average length of hospital stay was 11.2?±?6.3?days. All the patients showed orthostatic headaches, 62.5% patients with nausea or vomiting, 40.0% patients with neck stiffness, 17.5% patients with dizziness and vertigo, 10.0% patients with numbness and weakness of limbs, 5% patients with neck discomfort, and 2.5% patients with visual symptoms (visual impairment, photophobia, diplopia). 24 patients underwent CT scans which showed no abnormalities in 20 cases (83.3%), subdural fluid accumulation in 3 cases (12.5%), and subdural haematoma in 1 case (2.5%). Cranial contrast-enhanced MR scans showed diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement (95.83%, 23/24), signs of pituitary hyperaemia in 5 cases (20.8%), subdural fluid accumulation and subdural hematoma in 4 cases (16.7%), sagging of the brain in 3 cases (12.5%), and engorgement of venous structures in 1 case (4.1%). Six patients underwent plain and contrast-enhanced spinal MR scans which showed varying degrees of dural thickening and enhanced performance in all the patients. 92.5% (37/40) of patients had cerebrospinal fluid pressure <60 mmH₂O on lumbar puncture. 97.5% of patients underwent conservative treatment with drugs and had a good outcome.

Conclusion: Orthostatic headache and cranial MRI diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement are characteristic features of SIH. Cranial contrast-enhanced MR scan is recognized as the first and non-invasive investigation in the diagnosis of SIH. Most patients had cerebrospinal fluid pressure <60 mmH₂O. The vast majority of patients improved with fluid replacement.     

Trypanosoma cruzi: treatment with the iron chelator desferrioxamine reduces parasitemia and mortality in experimentally infected mice

The effects of prolonged treatment with iron chelator (desferrioxamine) on the development of infection in mice inoculated with Y Trypanosoma cruzi were determined. Infected/treated mice presented lower levels of parasitemia and reduced mortality rate compared with infected/non-treated animals. The five out of twenty infected/treated mice that survived the acute phase of infection showed negative hemoculture and positive ELISA in the acute and chronic phases and positive PCR in the acute phase: in the chronic phase, three of the animals presented negative PCR. The single surviving infected/non-treated animal exhibited positive hemoculture, PCR and ELISA in both phases of infection. Infected groups presented lower levels of iron in the liver compared with treated/non-infected or non-treated/non-infected animals. The serum iron levels of the infected/non-treated group were higher on the 21st day post-infection in comparison with control and infected/treated groups. These results suggest that decrease of iron in the host leads to T. cruzi infection attenuation.     

Fungus garden platforms improve hygiene during nest establishment in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acromyrmex</Emphasis> ants (Hymenoptera,Formicidae, Attini)

Physically isolating organisms from disease agents should reduce the likelihood of disease transmission and infection, and increase survival and growth, particularly in more vulnerable, early ontogenetic stages. During nest founding in fungus-growing ants, foundresses of most genera use a garden platform to isolate the incipient fungal garden from the soil of the underground chamber. We studied nest founding in Acromyrmex octospinosus to test the hypotheses that the use of a platform (rootlets used to suspend the fungus garden): (i) reduces the likelihood that the garden will be contaminated by soil-borne microbial pathogens; (ii) results in more rapid growth of a young colony; and (iii) increases colony survival. We manipulated natural incipient nests to have gardens either in contact with or isolated from soil surrounding the chamber, and nests with and without foundresses present. We found a higher incidence of infection in gardens that were in contact with the chamber soil and without queens, compared with gardens isolated from the chamber soil with and without foundresses. The production of eggs, larvae and pupae, as well as leaf area harvested, were significantly different between nests with and without platforms, but there were no differences in the production of workers nor garden biomass. Likewise, there were no differences between treatments in colony survival rates over 8 weeks. Using smaller incipient gardens, however, gardens with and without platforms differed in survivorship rates after 24 hours. The results indicate that the use of a platform to cultivate an incipient fungal garden is an adaptation to reduce soil-borne diseases and increase colony performance. Received 28 July 2006; revised 15 November 2006; accepted 22 November 2006.     

Tea crude extracts effectively inactivate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

It is well known that black and green tea extracts, particularly polyphenols, have antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic microbes including viruses. However, there is limited data on the antiviral activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged rapidly in China in late 2019 and which has been responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic globally. In this study, 20 compounds and three extracts were obtained from black and green tea and found that three tea extracts showed significant antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, whereby the viral titre decreased about 5 logs TCID₅₀ per ml by 1·375 mg ml⁻¹ black tea extract and two-fold diluted tea bag infusion obtained from black tea when incubated at 25°C for 10 s. However, when concentrations of black and green tea extracts were equally adjusted to 344 µg ml⁻¹, green tea extracts showed more antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. This simple and highly respected beverage may be a cheap and widely acceptable means to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral burden in the mouth and upper gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in developed as well as developing countries.     

吡柔比星预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效观察

目的：比较吡柔比星与吉西他滨膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀胱癌术后复发的疗效。方法：40 例浅表性膀胱癌患者根据随机抽 签法分为治疗组与对照组各20 例,所有患者都采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切方法,对照组用吉西他滨,治疗组用吡柔比星进行膀胱 灌注,比较两组患者术后复发率的不同。结果：所有患者都完成治疗,随访1 年,治疗组的复发率为5.0 %,对照组为25.0 %,治疗 组的复发率明显低于对照组,对比差异明显,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经过观察,治疗组的膀胱刺激症状、骨髓抑制、尿道狭窄等不 良反应总体发生率明显少于对照组,两者比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：相对于吉西他滨,吡柔比星膀胱内灌注预防浅表性膀 胱癌术后复发有很好的效果,不良反应少,在临床上需要根据患者的实际情况来选择不同的灌注药物。     

丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注在小儿短小手术中的效果分析

目的:探讨不同浓度丙泊酚联合瑞芬太尼靶控输注喉罩麻醉在小儿短小手术中的临床效果。方法:127例采用小儿短小手术治疗的患儿按丙泊酚给药目标浓度分为A组(2 ng/mL)、B组(3 ng/mL)和C组(4 ng/mL),分别与瑞芬太尼2 ng/mL联合应用靶控输注,行喉罩置入,失败则逐次增加瑞芬太尼剂量0.5 ng/mL直至成功置入。将各组成功率最高时浓度下的患儿分为A1、B1和C1,比较三个亚组不良反应发生情况、以及各时段HR、BIS值和MAP。结果:A组、B组和C组患儿中分别在3 ng/mL、2.5 ng/mL和2 ng/mL时置入成功率最高,满意/可接受比也最高,与其它浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。B1组满意/可接受比值高于A1组和C1组,差异有统计学意义(x2=5.189,x2=7.031,P0.05)。不良反应发生率A1组最高,其次是C1组,与B1组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。组内行方差分析发现,A1组和C1组有较大波动,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而B1组总体平稳,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:2.5 ng/mL瑞芬太尼与3 ng/mL丙泊酚靶控输注时喉罩麻醉在小儿短小手术中的应用效果最好,各临床指标较为平稳,不良反应发生率低。     

Regulation of Serotonin2A Receptor Expression by an Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide

Abstract: The regulation of 5-HT_2A receptor expression by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, complementary to the coding region of rat 5-HT_2A receptor mRNA, was examined in a cortically derived cell line and in rat brain. Treatment of A₁A₁ variant cells, which express the 5-HT_2A receptor coupled to the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol (PI) hydrolysis, with antisense oligodeoxynucleotide decreased the maximal stimulation of PI hydrolysis by the partial agonist quipazine and the number of 5-HT_2A receptor sites as measured by the binding of 2-[¹²⁵I]-iodolysergic acid diethylamide. Treatment of cells with random, sense, or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide did not alter the stimulation of PI hydrolysis by quipazine or 5-HT_2A receptor number. Intracerebroventricular infusion of antisense, but not mismatch, oligodeoxynucleotide for 8 days resulted in a significant increase in cortical 5-HT_2A receptor density and an increase in headshake behavior induced by the 5-HT₂ receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane. The density of cortical 5-HT_2A receptors was not altered by administration of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide for 1, 2, or 4 days. We hypothesize that in brain this antisense oligodeoxynucleotide relieved some form of translational suppression, resulting in an increase in 5-HT_2A receptor expression.     

IGF‐I deficient mice show reduced peripheral nerve conduction velocities and decreased axonal diameters and respond to exogenous IGF‐I treatment

Although insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) can act as a neurotrophic factor for peripheral neurons in vitro and in vivo following injury, the role IGF‐I plays during normal development and functioning of the peripheral nervous system is unclear. Here, we report that transgenic mice with reduced levels (two genotypes: heterozygous Igf1^+/− or homozygous insertional mutant Igf1^m/m) or totally lacking IGF‐I (homozygous Igf1^−/−) show a decrease in motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in vivo. In addition, A‐fiber responses in isolated peroneal nerves from Igf1^+/− and Igf1^−/− mice are impaired. The nerve function impairment is most profound in Igf1^−/− mice. Histopathology of the peroneal nerves in Igf1^−/− mice demonstrates a shift to smaller axonal diameters but maintains the same total number of myelinated fibers as Igf1^+/+ mice. Comparisons of myelin thickness with axonal diameter indicate that there is no significant reduction in peripheral nerve myelination in IGF‐I–deficient mice. In addition, in Igf1^m/m mice with very low serum levels of IGF‐I, replacement therapy with exogenous recombinant hIGF‐I restores both motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities. These findings demonstrate not only that IGF‐I serves an important role in the growth and development of the peripheral nervous system, but also that systemic IGF‐I treatment can enhance nerve function in IGF‐I–deficient adult mice. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 39: 142–152, 1999