Resource competition and fire‐regulated nutrient demand in carnivorous plants of wet pine savannas

Question: What are the mechanisms by which fire reduces competition for both a short‐lived and a long‐lived species in old‐growth ground‐cover plant communities of wet pine savannas (originally Pinus palustris, replaced by P. elliottii)? Location: Outer coastal plain of southeastern Mississippi, USA. Methods: I reviewed previous competition experiments and proposed a new hypothesis to explain the relationship between fire, competition, and species co‐existence in wet longleaf pine savannas. The first study is about growth and seedling emergence responses of a short‐lived carnivorous plant, Drosera capillaris, to reduction in below‐ground competition and above‐ plus below‐ground competition. The second study deals with growth and survival responses of a long‐lived perennial carnivorous plant, Sarracenia alata, to neighbour removal and prey‐exclusion to determine if a reduction in nutrient supply increased the intensity of competition in this nutrient‐poor system. Results: Fire increased seedling emergence of the short‐lived species by reducing above‐ground competition through the destruction of above‐ground parts of plants and the combustion of associated litter. Prey exclusion did not increase competitive effects of neighbours on the long‐lived species. However, because the experiment was conducted in a year without fire, shade reduced nutrient demand, which may have obviated competition for soil nutrients between Sarracenia alata and its neighbours. Conclusion: Repeated fires likely interact with interspecific differences in nutrient uptake to simultaneously reduce both above‐ground competition and competition for nutrients in old‐growth ground cover communities in pine savannas. Restoration practitioners should consider the possibility that the composition of the plant community is just as important as fire in ensuring that frequent fires maintain species diversity.     

Morphology,phylogeny and novel chemical compounds from Coolia malayensis (Dinophyceae) from Okinawa,Japan

Marine benthic dinoflagellates within the genus Coolia have been reported to produce natural products, some of which are known to be toxic (i.e., cooliatoxin). To date, five species of Coolia have been reported in tropical and temperate waters around the world; however, very few studies have combined detailed morphological and molecular data with chemical analyses. In this study, a clonal culture of Coolia malayensis was isolated and mass cultivated from a coral reef on the island of Okinawa, Japan. Analysis of the thecal plate morphology and molecular phylogeny from 28S rDNA strongly supported the close relationship between this new isolate of C. malayensis from Okinawa and other isolates of C. malayensis from around the world. Following methanol extraction of 250 L of mass culture, chemical analyses using NanoLiquid chromatography mass spectrometry revealed the mass profiles of water-soluble and ethyl acetate-soluble parts. High-resolution mass spectrometry derived the molecular formulas of three novel disulphated polyether analogs of yessotoxin (C₅₆H₇₈O₁₈S₂ 1102.4 (Compound 1), C₅₇H₈₀O₁₈S₂ 1116.4 (Compound 2), and C₅₇H₇₈O₁₉S₂ 1130.4 (Compound 3)); two potential homologous compounds (Compounds 4 and 5) were also observed on the high-resolution mass, albeit with low signal intensity. The five compounds in the C. malayensis from Okinawa are composed of less oxygen, compared to cooliatoxin and other analogs of yessotoxin, suggesting the metabolites produced by C. malayensis are unique to those previously reported from other strains of Coolia.     

Accuracies in Po-210 determination for lead-210 dating

Various laboratory techniques have been utilized worldwide for measuring lead-210 in sub-recent deposits through its grand-daughter product polonium-210. Isotope dilution alpha spectrometry proved a suitable tool for absolute determination of lead-210 for the dating of aquatic deposits. Moreover, isotope dilution alpha spectrometry along with speciation experiments can be used to resolve depositional anomalies arising from supported lead-210/Ra-226 disequilibrium levels and unsupported lead-210 mobile fractions. Isotope dilution alpha spectrometry of sub-recent sediment and peat deposits has been critically evaluated for more than ten years. Our results show that type, size and composition of deposits analyzed as well as radiochemical procedures used, together with alpha counting techniques, are important factors influencing lead-210 determinations and tailing corrections using its granddaughter product polonium-210. Optimization of these parameters is of prime importance to achieve economic and accurate analyses, especially at low lead-210 concentrations and small sample sizes.     

Estimating recent growth in the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis: are nucleic acid-based indicators for growth and condition the method of choice?

A laboratory calibration study was undertaken with juvenile Sepia officinalis (80-85 g initial wet weight) to investigate the effects of different food rations and different starving intervals on RNA/dry weight (DW) ratios and RNA/DNA ratios in cephalopod mantle muscle at two different temperatures. The digestive gland index was also used as an additional indicator of recent growth. High food rations and low temperature went along with high RNA/DW ratios and high RNA/DNA ratios. Starving resulted in a linear decline in growth performance and a concomitant decrease in RNA/DW and RNA/DNA ratio, with RNA/DNA ratios representing the growth data better. RNA/DNA ratios decreased faster at higher temperatures. A fluorimetric assay for nucleic acid analysis was optimized for cephalopod mantle tissues and yielded reproducible RNA/DNA ratios with a relative variance below 10%. Thus, it may be possible to use this estimator of recently encountered feeding regime for the evaluation of mortality rates of early teuthid paralarvae to eventually support stock management. Also, log relative digestive gland weight showed a strong relationship with starving time, but, surprisingly, not with temperature. Data from the two temperatures analyzed could be combined to form a common regression line of relative digestive gland index with starving time. This indicator for recent growth might be especially suitable for large specimens with a well-developed digestive gland.     

Novel Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm for robotic radiosurgery with multi leaf collimator: Dosimetric evaluation

PurposeAt introduction in 2014, dose calculation for the first MLC on a robotic SRS/SBRT platform was limited to a correction-based Finite-Size Pencil Beam (FSPB) algorithm. We report on the dosimetric accuracy of a novel Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation algorithm for this MLC, included in the Precision™ treatment planning system.MethodsA phantom was built of one slab (5.0 cm) of lung-equivalent material (0.09…0.29 g/cc) enclosed by 3.5 cm (above) and 5 cm (below) slabs of solid water (1.045 g/cc). This was irradiated using rectangular (15.4 × 15.4 mm² to 53.8 × 53.7 mm²) and two irregular MLC-fields. Radiochromic film (EBT3) was positioned perpendicular to the slabs and parallel to the beam. Calculated dose distributions were compared to film measurements using line scans and 2D gamma analysis.ResultsMeasured and MC calculated percent depth dose curves showed a characteristic dose drop within the low-density region, which was not correctly reproduced by FSPB. Superior average gamma pass rates (2%/1 mm) were found for MC (91.2 ± 1.5%) compared to FSPB (55.4 ± 2.7%). However, MC calculations exhibited localized anomalies at mass density transitions around 0.15 g/cc, which were traced to a simplification in electron transport. Absence of these anomalies was confirmed in a modified build of the MC engine, which increased gamma pass rates to 96.6 ± 1.2%.ConclusionsThe novel MC algorithm greatly improves dosimetric accuracy in heterogeneous tissue, potentially expanding the clinical use of robotic radiosurgery with MLC. In-depth, independent validation is paramount to identify and reduce the residual uncertainties in any software solution.     

Familial breast/ovarian cancer and BRCA1/2 genetic screening: the role of immunohistochemistry as an additional method in the selection of patients.

Only 20-25% of families screened for BRCA1/2 mutations are found positive. Because only a positive result is informative, we studied the role of BRCA1/2 immunohistochemistry as an additional method for patient selection. From 53 high-risk-affected probands, 18 (34%) had available paraffin blocks of their tumors and were selected for this study. Mutation screening was done by conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. For immunohistochemistry, 21 neoplastic specimens (15 breast carcinomas, 5 ovary neoplasms, and 1 rectal adenocarcinoma) were analyzed with BRCA1 (monoclonal antibody, Ab-1, oncogene) and BRCA2 (polyclonal antibody, Ab-2, oncogene) antibodies. Absence of the BRCA1 protein was confirmed in negative tumors by Western blotting. Seven patients were positive for BRCA1/2 mutations: 5 for BRCA1 and 2 for BRCA2. Four out of five positive patients had tumors negative for BRCA1 immunostaining, and the remaining 13 BRCA1-negative patients had positive BRCA1 immunostaining in all tumor samples. Sensitivity to predict for BRCA1 mutation carriers was 80%, and specificity was 100%, with a positive predictive value of 100% and a negative predictive value of 93%. This correlation was statistically significant (p=0.001). No correlation was observed for BRCA2. If larger studies confirm these results, high-risk patients with BRCA1-negative tumors should be screened first for this gene.     

Computational Oral Absorption Simulation for Low‐Solubility Compounds

Bile micelles play an important role in oral absorption of low‐solubility compounds. Bile micelles can affect solubility, dissolution rate, and permeability. For the pH–solubility profile in bile micelles, the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation should be modified to take bile‐micelle partition into account. For the dissolution rate, in the Nernst–Brunner equation, the effective diffusion coefficient in bile‐micelle media should be used instead of the monomer diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient of bile micelles is 8‐ to 18‐fold smaller than that of monomer molecules. For permeability, the effective diffusion coefficient in the unstirred water layer adjacent to the epithelial membrane, and the free fraction at the epithelial membrane surface should be taken into account. The importance of these aspects is demonstrated here using several in vivo and clinical oral‐absorption data of low‐solubility model compounds. Using the theoretical equations, the food effect on oral absorption is further discussed.