应激颗粒的形成与生物学意义

真核细胞对外界压力刺激会做出一系列应答反应,如暂停蛋白质翻译系统,从而使细胞能更好地适应环境压力。通过应激颗粒（stress granules,SG）的形成包裹未被翻译的mRNA是该适应性调节的重要方式。研究表明,环境压力导致eIF2α上游激酶的激活从而磷酸化eIF2α,翻译起始受阻,随后,TIA-1、TTP等蛋白迅速与mRNP结合聚集成SG,并在微管蛋白的帮助下进一步向细胞核聚集,形成成熟的SG。当压力消失,SG依赖微管及其动力蛋白进行解聚,释放包裹的mRNA及蛋白。细胞内成熟的SG在转录后调节中发挥重要作用,并且通过其组成蛋白在肿瘤凋亡、病毒侵染、免疫、炎症反应及由蛋白错误折叠引起的疾病中发挥作用。该文首次综述了压力颗粒研究进展,为充分认识SG的病理生理性调节功能提供参考。     

A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain-containing proteins in plants and animals represent common elements in stress response

A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain-containing proteins are well characterized in animals, and their role in regulating the immune response is established. Recently, such A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins have been reported from plants. These plant proteins are involved in stress response, but their exact molecular mechanism of action is yet to be deciphered. Sequence information available in public databases has been used to conduct a survey of A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins across diverse organisms with a special emphasis on plants. Domain analysis provides some interesting insights into their biological function, the most important being that A20/AN1 zinc-finger proteins could represent common elements of stress response in plants and animals.     

避难所对七星瓢虫捕食桃蚜功能反应的影响

自然情况下的捕食是以植物为中介发生的。作者采用植物模型作为捕食环境,测试了单纯的物理因素(避难所)对七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata L.捕食桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的功能反应的影响。结果表明,避难所的存在能造成七星瓢虫捕食量和捕食率极显著下降,对雄虫的影响显著比雌虫强,且在中等猎物密度时影响更为突出。Logistic回归分析发现,七星瓢虫雌虫和雄虫无论避难所是否存在,功能反应类型均为HollingⅡ型。避难所不存在的情况下,雌、雄成虫的圆盘方程分别为N a=1.0259 N0/(1+0.003078 N0)和N a=0.9246 N0/(1+0.002127 N0),避难所存在的情况下,其圆盘方程分别为N a=0.9500 N0/(1+0.00342 N0)和N a=0.6463N0/(1+0.002262 N0)。避难所的存在能导致两性成虫瞬时攻击率极显著下降,但仅雄虫处置时间极显著延长,说明雄虫在环境异质性较高时捕获猎物更困难。     

Structure of the human dimeric ATM kinase

DNA-double strand breaks activate the serine/threonine protein kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) to initiate DNA damage signal transduction. This activation process involves autophosphorylation and dissociation of inert ATM dimers into monomers that are catalytically active. Using single-particle electron microscopy (EM), we determined the structure of dimeric ATM in its resting state. The EM map could accommodate the crystal structure of the N-terminal truncated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a closely related enzyme of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family, allowing for the localization of the N- and the C-terminal regions of ATM. In the dimeric structure, the actives sites are buried, restricting the access of the substrates to these sites. The unanticipated domain organization of ATM provides a basis for understanding its mechanism of inhibition.     

Brachypodium distachyon as alternative model host system for the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea

To investigate its susceptibility to ergot infection, we inoculated Brachypodium distachyon with Claviceps purpurea and compared the infection symptoms with those on rye (Secale cereale). We showed that, after inoculation of Brachypodium with Claviceps, the same disease symptoms occurred in comparable temporal and spatial patterns to those on rye. The infection rate of Claviceps on this host was reduced compared with rye, but the disease could be surveyed by fungal genomic DNA quantification. Mutants of Claviceps which were virulence attenuated on rye were also affected on Brachypodium. We were able to show that pathogenesis‐related gene expression changed in a typical manner for biotrophic pathogen attack. Our results indicated that the Claviceps–Brachypodium interaction was dependent on salicylic acid, cytokinin and auxin. We consider Brachypodium to be a suitable and useful alternative host; the increased sensitivity compared with rye will be valuable for the identification of infection mechanisms. Future progess in understanding the Claviceps–plant interaction will be facilitated by the use of a well‐characterized model host system.     

匍匐茎草本活血丹(Glechomalongituba)在不同养分条件下的克隆形态

通过人工施肥的方法,对活血丹无性系实验种群在不同养分供应情况下的形态特征进行了研究。研究结果表明：施肥可以显著改变克隆植株的形态,无怀系分株产生能力增强,个体生长旺盛;匍匐茎总长增长,生物量增大,节间短,匍匐茎较粗壮;相对叶面积小,叶片厚,叶柄较粗短。在未施肥条件下,克隆植株形态表现则正好相反。养分供应的差异对叶片的形态以及根重和根量的影响较其对隔离者和叶柄的特征的影响更大。     

粉虱小毛瓢虫Nephaspis oculatus(鞘翅目,瓢虫科)捕食功能反应与寄主植物选择(英文)

Nephaspisoculatus (Blatchley)属毛瓢虫亚科的小毛瓢虫族 ,专食粉虱。它源于中美洲 ,自七十年代初就在美国佛州被发现 ,是柑橘和蔬菜上白粉虱的重要天敌。本研究确定了该瓢虫各幼虫龄期和雌雄成虫在青菜 (col lard)叶上捕食银叶白粉虱BemisiaargentifoliiBellows&Perring卵在 6个密度的捕食功能反应及其成虫对 5种寄主植物的选择。结果表明 ,该瓢虫捕食率与白粉虱卵的密度呈线性相关。除第四龄幼虫其相关系数 (r2 )仅为0 .6 33外 ,其它各虫态的相关系数高达 0 .82 7～ 0 .94 4。根据该瓢虫各龄幼虫和雌雄成虫捕食量和白粉虱卵密度的关系 ,其捕食功能反应符合Holling圆盘方程的第二种反应模式。随着龄期的增加 ,幼虫捕食白粉虱卵的量也随之增加。第四龄幼虫捕食白粉虱卵量最多可达 312粒 ,其次为第三龄幼虫 2 2 9粒 ,第二龄幼虫 73粒 ,而第一龄幼虫捕食量仅为 34粒。雌成虫捕食白粉虱卵量 (32 1粒 )明显高于雄成虫 (2 37粒 )。雌成虫特别喜欢在青菜上活动、取食和产卵 ,而不喜欢番茄 ,大豆 ,茄子和甘薯。有 4 4 .9%的雌成虫在青菜上活动 ,只有 9.9% - 17.1%的雌成虫在其它植物上活动。雌成虫在青菜 ,甘薯和茄子上的产卵量占总产卵量的比率依次为 95 .8% ,2 .8%和 1.4 % ,而无任何卵产在番茄和大豆上。     

响应面方法优化菊粉酶液体发酵培养基的研究

目的：为提高菊粉酶的产量。方法：运用Plackett-Burman设计法和响应面分析法,对Kluyveromyces S120液体发酵生产菊粉酶的培养基进行了优化。首先通过Plackett-Burman方法对8个相关影响因素的效应进行评价,并筛选出了有显著正效应的菊芋粉、玉米浆、(NH_4)H_2PO_4等三个因素,其他五个因素没有显著影响。然后根据Box-Behnken的中心组合设计实验和响应面分析方法确定了上述三个主要影响因素的最佳浓度。结果：在优化培养基下,菊粉酶产量为102．82u/mL,是优化前的2．1倍。     

发酵麸皮多糖酶辅助提取工艺优化及其生物活性研究

通过响应面法优化提取发酵麸皮多糖的工艺,并评价其体外益生和抗氧化活性。以发酵麸皮多糖的得率为响应值,采用纤维素酶酶解与水浴浸提相结合的方法提取发酵麸皮多糖,以纤维素酶添加量、料液比、水浴浸提温度、水浴浸提时间为试验因素建立数学模型,筛选最佳提取工艺条件。通过测定还原力、DPPH和·OH自由基的清除能力对比发酵和未发酵麸皮多糖的体外抗氧化活性,并通过测定嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、两歧双歧杆菌的生长对比发酵和未发酵麸皮多糖的体外益生活性。结果表明,发酵麸皮多糖最佳提取工艺为:料液比1∶16(w/v),酶添加量1 000 U/g,水浴浸提温度90℃,水浴浸提时间60 min,在此条件下发酵麸皮多糖的得率实测值为73. 35%。发酵麸皮多糖具有较强的DPPH和·OH自由基的清除能力,可促进嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和两歧双歧杆菌的生长。