Sapatoxins,aliphatic ester tigliane diterpenes from Sapium indicum

From the unripe fruits of Sapium indicum, three aliphatic esters of the tigliane nucleus were isolated. These compounds were derivatives of 4-deoxyphorbol. Sapatoxin A was identified as 12-O-[n-deca-2,4,6-trienoyl]-4-deoxyphorbol-13-acetate, B as 12-O-[n-deca-2,4,6-trienoyl]-4-deoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate and C as 12-O-[n-deca-2,4,6-trienoyl]-4,20-dideoxy-5-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate, by spectroscopic analysis and hydrolysis reactions.     

Non-uniform distribution and seasonal variation of endogenous indol-3yl-acetic acid in the cambial region of Pinus contorta Dougl.

Endogenous, free indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) levels were measured in the main stem in the 10-year-old cambial zone, in the adjoining differentiating xylem, and in the adjoining mature xylem of 15–20-year-old Pinus contorta Dougl. by single-ion-current monitoring, combined gas chromatography — mass spectrometry, on several dates from early spring to early winter. Microscopy was used to determine the state of cambial activity on each harvest date. The IAA levels were found to be nearly constant at 1 g g^-1 DW in the cambial zone from March to July, then to increase to near 2 g g^-1 DW during the remainder of the growth season. No clear correlation was evident between number of fusiform cells per radial file and IAA content in the cambial zone. By contrast, the IAA content in differentiating xylem was higher than that in the adjoining meristematic zone on all harvest dates and also exhibited marked seasonal variation, peaking near 16 g g^-1 DW in mid summer, and declining to 1 g g^-1 DW in autumn. In mature xylem, IAA levels were very low and showed negligible variation. The fresh weight to dry weight ratio of differentiating xylem was greater than that of the cambial zone, and greater in the cambial zone than in mature xylem.     

The fluorescence decay kinetics of in vivo chlorophyll measured using low intensity excitation

We report fluorescence lifetimes for in vivo chlorophyll a using a time-correlated single-photon counting technique with tunable dye laser excitation. The fluorescence decay of dark-adapted chlorella is almost exponential with a lifetime of 490 ps, which is independent of excitation from 570 nm to 640 nm.Chloroplasts show a two-component decay of 410 ps and approximately 1.4 ns, the proportion of long component depending upon the fluorescence state of the chloroplasts. The fluorescence lifetime of Photosystem I was determined to be 110 ps from measurements on fragments enriched in Photosystem I prepared from chloroplasts with digitonin.     

A spectroscopic study of metal ion and ligand binding to β-lactamase II

β-Lactamase II has two metal-binding sites. The electronic spectra of Cd(II)- and Co(II)-substituted β-lactamase II have been investigated. It is suggested that a thiol ligand is involved in metal binding at the first site. The stoichiometric dissociation constants for Co(II) binding to β-lactamase II were estimated to be 0.13 and 2.66 mM (pH 6.0, 4°C, 1 M NaCl) by equilibrium dialysis. Competition between Zn(II) and Co(II) for the first metal binding site suggests a value of 0.7 μM (pH 6.0, 30°C, 1 M NaCl) for the dissociation constant o Zn(II).The electronic spectra of the Co(II) enzyme lead to the suggestion that the coordination geometries around the metal ions in the first and second sites are related to those of a distorted tetrahedron and octahedron, respectively.     

Isolation of 3-(2-carboxyethyl)thymine following in vitro reaction of β-propiolactone with calf thymus DNA

3-(2-Carboxyethyl)thymine (3-CET) was synthesized from β-propiolactone (BPL) and dThd5′P at pH 9.0–9.5 via the intermediate 3-(2-carboxyethyl)thymidine-5′-monophosphoric acid (3-CEdThd5′P). 3-CEdThd5′P was converted to 3-CET by hydrolysis in 1.5 N HCl at 100°C for 2 h. The structure of 3-CET was assigned on the basis of UV spectra, electron impact (EI) and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectra and the EI mass spectrum of a trimethylsilyl derivative of 3-CET. BPL was reacted in vitro with calf thymus DNA at pH 7.5. 100 A units of BPL-reacted DNA yielded, following perchloric acid hydrolysis and preparative paper chromatography, 3 A units of 3-CET. Reaction of BPL with the phosphodiester thymidylyl-(3′-5′)thymidine gave 3-(2-carboxyethyl)thymidylyl-(3′-5′)-3-(2-carboxyethyl)thymidine (～3%). Phosphotriester formation was not detected.     

Critical importance of microsome concentration in mutagenesis assay with V79 Chinese hamster cells.

For optimum mutagensis in V79 Chinese hamster cells, the amount of liver postmitochondrial fraction in the assay was found to be of critical importance, depending on the chemicals being tested. Benzo[a]pyrene (BP) required lower (1-5%) concentrations of the liver 15 000 X g supernatant (S15) from methylcholanthrene pretreated rats for a maximum induction of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity, as determined by 8-azaguanine- and ouabain-resistance. A sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity was induced by 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (7,8-diol BP) at a concentration of 1% of the S15 fraction. Little or no response was induced by these compounds with the S15 concentrations of more than 10%. Similarly, aflatoxin B1 induced a sharp peak of mutagenicity and cytotoxicity at a concentration of 2% of the liver S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats. Under the same condition, non-carcinogenic aflatoxin G2 did not induce cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Analysis of BP metabolites by high-pressure liquid chromatography indicates that with the 30% S15 fraction, more than 80% of BP was metabolized during the first 15 min, while with the 2% S15 fraction, 7,8-diol BP increased continuously throughout the 120-min incubation period, suggesting a strong metabolic competition to rapidly remove BP and 7,8-diol BP with a high concentration of the S15. In contrast with these compounds, N-nitrosodimethylamine induced mutagenicity and cytotoxicity which increased linearly in proportion to the increasing amount of the S15 fraction from phenobarbitone- and Aroclor-pretreated rats. Various nitrosamines with different lipophilicity were examined at a high (30%) and low (2%) concentration of the S15 fraction from Aroclor-pretreated rats, in which ratios of mutation frequencies at 30% and 2% correlated inversely with lipophilicity of the compound. This result suggests that the lipid solubility of test compounds may be one factor which determines the concentration of post-mitochondrial supernatant for optimum mutagenesis.     

Theoretical investigations on circular and chain-like hydrogen bonded structures found in two crystal forms of α-cyclodextrin hexahydrate: Models for hydration and water clusters

Hydration of macromolecules and the structure of water of crystallization are not understood in detail because in these complex systems. H-atoms cannot be located and the hydrogen bonding schemes are not known. X-ray and neutron diffraction studies on a hydrated oligosaccharide, α-cyclodextrin 6H₂O, ((C₆H₁₀O₅)₆·6H₂O), crystals forms A and B, gave insight into the chain-like and circular arrangement of hydrogen bonds. In the circles, homodromic (unidirectional) and antidromic (counter-running) orientation of five to six hydrogen bounds is observed. PCILO calculations showed that homodromic circles and chains are approx. 8% per hydrogen bond more stable than antidromic circles, that the changes in electronic charges on H and O atoms are greater in homo than in antidromic systems and that the dipole moments are only approx. 3 D in the homodromic circles but 6–8 D in chain-like and antidromic arrangement. These results have been interpreted in terms of cooperative effect. Circular systems are considered as structural elements in hydration shells of macromolecules and in the assembly of ‘flickering’ water clusters.     

Photooxidation reactions of diphenylcarbazide and their DCMU-sensitivity in thylakoids of the blue-green alga Oscillatoria chalybea

Thylakoids of Oscillatoria chalybea are able to split water. The Hill reaction of these thylakoids is sensitive to DCMU. Diphenylcarbazide can substitute for water as the electron donor to photosystem II with these fully functioning thylakoids. However, the diphenylcarbazide photooxidation is completely insensitive to 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-N-dimethyl urea (DCMU) at high diphenylcarbazide concentrations. In with Tris-treated Oscillatoria thylakoids the water splitting capacity is lost and diphenylcarbazide restores electron transport through photosystem II as occurs with higher plant chloroplasts. However, also these photoreactions are insensitive to DCMU. If diphenylcarbazide acts in Oscillatoria as an electron donor to photosystem II the result suggests that diphenylcarbazide feeds in its electrons behind the DCMU inhibition site. This in turn indicates that in Oscillatoria the site of inhibition of DCMU is on the donor side of photosystem II.Abbreviations Used DCMU 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-N-dimethyl urea - DPC diphenylcarbazide - DCPiP 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol - TMB tetramethyl benzidine - A-2-sulf anthraquinone-2-sulfonate