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101.
Underwater acoustic behavior of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the northeastern Chukchi Sea, 2007–2010
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Bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) calls were recorded using autonomous passive acoustic recorders deployed in the northeastern Chukchi Sea between October 2007 and October 2010. Continuous acoustic data were acquired during summer (August to mid‐October), and overwinter data (mid‐October through July) were acquired on a duty cycle of 40/48 min every 4 h. We investigated the spatio‐temporal distribution and acoustic behavior of vocalizing bearded seals in this multiyear data set. Peaks in calling occurred in spring, coinciding with the mating period, and calls stopped abruptly in late June/early July. Fewer calls were detected in summer, and the vocal presence of seals increased with the formation of pack ice in winter. Vocal activity was higher at night than during the day, with a peak around 0400 (AKST). Monthly patterns in proportional use of each call type and call duration were examined for the first time. The proportion and duration of AL1(T) and AL2(T) call types increased during the mating period, suggesting that males advertise their breeding condition by producing those specific longer trills. The observed seasonal and diel trends were consistent between years. These results improve our understanding of occurrence and acoustic behavior of bearded seals across the northeastern Chukchi Sea. 相似文献
102.
Tom Van der Stocken Alison K. S. Wee Dennis J. R. De Ryck Bram Vanschoenwinkel Daniel A. Friess Farid Dahdouh‐Guebas Marc Simard Nico Koedam Edward L. Webb 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2019,94(4):1547-1575
Dispersal allows species to shift their distributions in response to changing climate conditions. As a result, dispersal is considered a key process contributing to a species' long‐term persistence. For many passive dispersers, fluid dynamics of wind and water fuel these movements and different species have developed remarkable adaptations for utilizing this energy to reach and colonize suitable habitats. The seafaring propagules (fruits and seeds) of mangroves represent an excellent example of such passive dispersal. Mangroves are halophytic woody plants that grow in the intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical shorelines and produce hydrochorous propagules with high dispersal potential. This results in exceptionally large coastal ranges across vast expanses of ocean and allows species to shift geographically and track the conditions to which they are adapted. This is particularly relevant given the challenges presented by rapid sea‐level rise, higher frequency and intensity of storms, and changes in regional precipitation and temperature regimes. However, despite its importance, the underlying drivers of mangrove dispersal have typically been studied in isolation, and a conceptual synthesis of mangrove oceanic dispersal across spatial scales is lacking. Here, we review current knowledge on mangrove propagule dispersal across the various stages of the dispersal process. Using a general framework, we outline the mechanisms and ecological processes that are known to modulate the spatial patterns of mangrove dispersal. We show that important dispersal factors remain understudied and that adequate empirical data on the determinants of dispersal are missing for most mangrove species. This review particularly aims to provide a baseline for developing future research agendas and field campaigns, filling current knowledge gaps and increasing our understanding of the processes that shape global mangrove distributions. 相似文献
103.
以疏花卫矛(Euonymus laxiflorus)、丝棉木(E.maackii)和卫矛(E.alatus)3种卫矛属植物为试验材料,测定叶片转色期叶色参数和相关生理生化指标,探讨各项指标的变化规律和内在联系,为优良色叶植物的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)转色期,疏花卫矛的明亮度参数L~*和色素参数b~*(黄/蓝)呈上升趋势,色素参数a~*(红/绿)变化不大;丝棉木的L~*和b~*呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,a~*呈上升趋势;卫矛的L~*和b~*变化不大,a~*呈上升趋势。(2)3种植物的叶绿素含量在转色期呈明显下降趋势;疏花卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值较为平稳,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值呈上升趋势;丝棉木和卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值均呈上升趋势,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值保持平稳。(3)3种植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈下降趋势,查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线;卫矛的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性保持平稳,疏花卫矛和丝棉木的POD活性呈上升趋势,疏花卫矛的PPO活性保持平稳,丝棉木的PPO活性呈下降趋势。(4)疏花卫矛和卫矛的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,丝棉木的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈上升趋势。(5)相关性分析显示,疏花卫矛呈现黄色主要是因为叶绿素的分解,丝棉木和卫矛呈现红色是因为花色素苷的合成,可溶性糖、淀粉、CHI对花色素苷的合成有一定作用,POD对叶片呈现红色有促进作用,PAL和PPO活性对花色素苷的合成无显著影响。 相似文献
104.
Recent environmental concerns have prompted a re-evaluation of conventional management strategies and refueled the search of innovative waste management practices. In this sense, the anaerobic digestion of both fat and the remaining complex organic matter present in dairy wastewaters is attractive, although the continuous operation of high rate anaerobic processes treating this type of wastewaters causes the failure of the process. This work accesses the influence of non-feeding period length on the intermittent operation of mesophilic UASB reactors treating dairy wastewater, in order to allow the biological degradation to catch up with adsorption phenomenon. During the experiments, two UASB reactors were subject to three organic loading rates, ranging from 6 to 12 g(COD) x L(-1) x d(-1), with the same daily load applied to both reactors, each one with a different non-feeding period. Both reactors showed good COD removal efficiencies (87-92%). A material balance for COD in the reactors during the feeding and non-feeding periods showed the importance of the feedless period, which allowed the biomass to degrade substrate that was accumulated during the feeding period. The reactor with the longest non-feeding period had a better performance, which resulted in a higher methane production and adsorption capacity for the same organic load applied with a consequent less accumulation of substrate into the biomass. In addition, both reactors had a stable operation for the organic load of 12 g(COD) x L(-1) x d(-1), which is higher than the maximum applicable load reported in literature for continuous systems (3-6 g(COD) x L(-1) x d(-1)). 相似文献
105.
Gonzalez-Voyer A Székely T Drummond H 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2007,61(8):1946-1955
In many parentally fed species, siblings compete for food not only by begging and scrambling, but also by violently attacking each other. This aggressive competition has mostly been studied in birds, where it is often combined with dominance subordination, aggressive intimidation, and siblicide. Previous experimental and theoretical studies proposed several life-history, morphological, and behavioral variables that may facilitate the evolution of broodmate aggression, and explain its taxonomic distribution. Here we apply phylogenetic comparative analyses for the first time to test the influence of five hypothesized facilitators of the evolution of broodmate aggression, analyzing 69 species in seven avian families using two quantitative measures of aggression: incidence and intensity. We show that incidence and intensity of aggression increase with long nestling periods and indirect feeding, and small brood size is associated with intense aggression. Large food parcels were not correlated with either the incidence or intensity of aggression. Our study suggests that indirect feeding, long nestling periods, and small broods, possibly in combination with other factors, have tended to favor the evolution of aggressive broodmate competition. 相似文献
106.
目的: 评价抗逆转录病毒药对孕育期雌性大鼠心血管功能及某些生化指标的影响。方法: SD大鼠9周龄雌鼠19只、10周龄雄鼠6只,9只/10只雌鼠与3只雄鼠合1笼,共2笼,分为正常对照组(CON)、高效抗逆转录病毒治疗组(HARRT)。其中CON组雌性大鼠每天早、晚生理盐水 (10 ml/kg)灌胃,HARRT组雌性大鼠灌等容积抗逆转录病毒药(AZT 31.25 mg/kg +3TC 15.63 mg/kg +LPV/r (41.67/10.42) mg/kg),连续3个月。记录雌性大鼠体重、存活情况;检测超声心动图,多导生理记录仪检测动脉血压、心脏血流动力学参数;相应试剂盒检测血糖、血脂四项、心肌酶及肝酶;Masson染色及透射电镜分别观察心肌胶原纤维和心肌细胞超微结构。结果: CON组雌性大鼠均存活(9/9),HARRT组雌性大鼠存活6只(6/10);与CON组比较,HAART组雌性大鼠体重减少(P< 0.01);LVDd、IVST、LVPWT、LAD增加(P<0.05);动脉舒张压增加(P<0.05)、LVP +dP/dtmax减少(P<0.01);TG减少、Glu增加(P<0.05)、CK减少(P<0.01)、GOT减少(P<0.05);心肌组织胶原纤维增多,心肌细胞超微结构异常。结论: 抗逆转录病毒药可导致孕育期雌性大鼠心血管病变。 相似文献
107.
采伐是调整林分结构的重要手段。不同林层的树木对采伐强度有着不同的响应方式。但以往考察采伐对树木生长的影响时多采用定性或简单定量的方法(如按树高等距)划分森林的垂直层次, 这就忽略了同一林层内不同树种间和不同发育阶段树木生长的差异。该研究在吉林蛟河天然阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林内建立轻度(胸高断面积采伐强度17.3%)、中度(34.7%)、重度(51.9%)采伐以及对照(不采伐)样地, 跟踪调查采伐后自然恢复2、4、7年保留木的生长动态。根据不同树种每一个体所处的林层位置和生长发育阶段, 将保留木划分为3个组别: 林冠层树种的成熟个体(I)、林冠层树种的未成熟个体(II)以及林下层树种的全部个体(III), 比较不同恢复时期各组别树木的生长对于采伐强度的响应差异。结果表明, 第II组树木的平均胸径相对生长速率(0.033 cm·cm-1·a-1)显著高于第I (0.016 cm·cm-1·a-1)和III组(0.018 cm·cm-1·a-1)。总体来看, 采伐促进了大多数林冠层优势树种(第I、II组)的生长, 尤其是第II组树木的相对生长速率随采伐强度的增加而增加, 但第I组树木的相对生长速率只在重度采伐样地显著高于对照样地。然而林冠层少见种的生长速率并未受到采伐活动的显著影响。值得注意的是, 第I和II组树木生长对于采伐的响应都存在一定的时间滞后, 伐后短期内(2年)采伐样地与对照样地的生长速率没有显著差异, 而采伐对树木生长的促进效果在伐后2-4年才开始出现, 并在随后的监测期内持续存在。各组别树木的相对生长速率均随初始胸径的增大而降低, 且这种负相关关系的斜率随采伐强度增加逐渐增大, 表明随着采伐强度增加, 较小的树木个体从减弱的竞争中获益更多, 呈现出更加明显的生长释放现象。 相似文献
108.
109.
110.
Jariya Roddee Youichi Kobori Yupa Hanboonsong 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2019,167(2):108-117
The leafhopper Matsumuratettix hiroglyphicus (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is the most important vector of sugarcane white leaf (SCWL) phytoplasma that significantly affects the sugarcane crop in Asia. Here, we aimed to study the characteristics of SCWL phytoplasma transmission by M. hiroglyphicus. To this end, the stylet penetration activities performed during the acquisition access period (AAP) and inoculation access period (IAP) were investigated by the direct current electrical penetration graph technique and confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, the latent period (LP) of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was determined by qPCR and localised by fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The results indicated that the acquisition of SCWL phytoplasma occurred during phloem ingestion (waveform D), whereas its inoculation was associated with salivation into the phloem sieve element (waveform C). The minimum AAP was 15 min and the minimum duration of phloem ingestion was 2.35 min. The minimum LP of SCWL phytoplasma in the vector was at least 14 days; then, SCWL phytoplasma moved to the salivary glands of the insect, enabling the transmission of the pathogen to the host plants. The minimum IAP for a successful transmission of SCWL phytoplasma to the host plants was 11–12 min, with a minimum duration of salivation into phloem of 1.35 min. The female vectors had higher SCWL phytoplasma copy numbers than the male vectors, and displayed faster AAP, IAP, and LP. Overall, our findings provide important information related to the feeding behaviour of M. hiroglyphicus and its effect on the transmission of SCWL phytoplasma. 相似文献