高效氮肥对新疆膜下滴灌棉田土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

高效氮肥对新疆灰漠土农田氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响目前尚不明确.本研究选取树脂包膜尿素(ESN)和尿素配施脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂(U+I)两种高效氮肥处理,以传统尿素(U)处理为对照,研究高效氮肥对新疆膜下滴灌棉田N₂O排放的影响.ESN在播种时一次性施入,而其他处理的氮肥在生育期内随灌溉分次施入.在生育期内,采用静态箱-气相色谱法每周采集和分析2次气体样品.结果表明: 与其他处理相比,ESN处理显著增加了生育期间土壤N₂O的排放量,增幅47%～73%;在施肥后的4个月内,ESN处理下的土壤铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)和硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量始终处于较高水平,随后则逐渐减小并与其他处理的含量相近.ESN在播种时全部施入可能是导致土壤高NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量以及高N₂O排放量的原因.与U处理相比,U+I处理减少了9.9%的N₂O排放量,但两者间差异不显著;U+I处理NO₃^--N含量始终低于ESN和U处理.新疆灰漠土膜下滴灌棉田生育期土壤的N₂O排放为300～500 g N₂O-N·hm^-2,整体低于其他农田生态系统.与播种前全部施入相比,氮肥随滴灌多次施入更利于降低N₂O排放.本试验条件下,高效氮肥对干旱区膜下滴灌棉田土壤N₂O的减排效应有限.     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对渭北旱作玉米农田土壤氮组分与产量的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对旱作春玉米田土壤氮组分和作物产量的影响。试验包括无覆盖对照,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理,观测指标包括土壤全氮(STN)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、潜在可矿化氮(PNM)、微生物量氮(MBN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量及作物产量。结果表明:试验进行5到7年后,与对照相比,秸秆覆盖处理0—10 cm土层STN、PON、PNM、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了13.11%、64.29%、17.51%、16.94%和55.37%,10—20 cm土层STN、PON、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了5.93%、33.33%、15.78%和27.57%(P0.05)。而地膜覆盖处理0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层NO_3~--N的含量较对照分别提高了189.14%和135.75%(P0.05),其他氮组分与对照处理差异不显著。秸秆和地膜覆盖处理玉米产量较对照处理3年平均分别提高了6.90%和36.74%(P0.05)。玉米产量与0—20 cm土层NO_3~--N含量和NO_3~--N/STN值呈显著正相关关系。总的来看,秸秆覆盖能显著增加旱地土壤全氮和活性有机氮含量,促进氮素固定,但需注意作物生长后期补充氮肥以满足作物生长需要。而地膜覆盖能显著提高土壤氮素有效性和作物产量,但不利于土壤有机氮的固定,且表层土壤存在潜在氮淋失风险。     

两种农作体系施肥对土壤质量的影响

不同农作体系施肥措施差异引起的土壤环境质量变化 ,会进一步影响该体系的生产力并对大气和水体环境产生潜在影响。选取中国北方两种重要的集约化种植体系 (大棚蔬菜和小麦 -玉米轮作体系 ) ,研究了经过长期施肥后 ,0～ 30 cm土壤有机质、全氮、微量元素与重金属的差异以及 0～ 90 cm土壤剖面的硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾、p H和电导率的变化。结果表明 ,大棚菜地氮、磷、钾化肥投入量达 N 2 82 3、P 92 8和 K 92 5 kg/(hm2 · a) ,分别为小麦 -玉米轮作农田的 4 .7、10 .1和 2 3.4倍。大棚菜地还施用了大量的有机肥。菜地土壤养分大量积累 ,尤其是硝态氮和速效磷 ,0～ 90 cm土层二者分别达 1389.8kg N/hm2和 132 1.1kg P/hm2 ,为农田的 5 .6和 8.4倍。速效钾和铵态氮累积量分别为 1817.3kg K/hm2 和 10 0 .4 kg N/hm2 ,为农田的2 .2倍和 1.8倍。同时 ,大棚菜地土壤中的养分还存在严重的淋溶现象。大棚菜地有机质、全氮和有效铁、锰、铜、锌含量分别为农田的 1.3、1.4、1.2、1.3、1.3和 1.4倍。镉含量为农田的 3.8倍。镉与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关 ,可见 ,磷肥的大量投入是镉在土壤中累积的主要原因。大棚菜地各层土壤 p H均明显低于农田相应土层 p H,而 0～ 30 cm和 30～ 6 0 cm土层的电导率则     

Immobilization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase onto montmorillonite K-10 and polyvinyl alcohol gel

Abstract

Immobilization of enzymes from different sources on various supports in designed systems increases enzymes’ stability by protecting the active site of it from undesired effect of reaction environment. Also, immobilization decreases the cost of separation and facilities the reuse of the enzymes. Therefore, the design of new immobilization enzyme preparations has been an inevitable area of modern biotechnology. Herein, Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was immobilized on montmorillonite K-10 (MMT-RML) by adsorption and in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA-RML) by entrapment to obtain a more stable and active lipase preparation. The free and immobilized lipase preparations were characterized for p-nitrophenyl palmitate hydrolysis. The apparent Michaelis–Menten (K_mapp) constant was almost the same for the free RML and PVA-RML, whereas the corresponding value was 17.7-fold lower for MMT-RML. PVA-RML and MMT-RML have shown a 1.1 and 23.8 folds higher catalytic efficiency, respectively, than that of the free RML. The half-lives of PVA-RML and MMT-RML were found to be 7.4 and 3.4 times longer than the free RML at 35?°C, respectively. PVA-RML and MMT-RML maintained 65% and 87% of their initial activities after four reuses. These results showed that the catalytic performance of RML has improved significantly by immobilization.     

大兴安岭泥炭地不同菌根类型木本植物叶片凋落物分解及其温度敏感性差异

以我国大兴安岭多年冻土区泥炭地常见的3种外生菌根木本植物(细叶沼柳Salix rosmarinifolia、白桦Betula platyphylla和柴桦B.fruticosa)和4种欧石楠菌根木本植物(笃斯越桔Vaccinium uliginosum、狭叶杜香Ledum palustre、甸杜Chamaedaphne calyculata和小叶杜鹃Rhododendron parrifolum)为研究对象,通过315天培养试验测定10和20℃叶片凋落物分解过程中的碳(C)累积矿化量和重量损失,并分析其温度敏感性。结果表明:外生菌根植物叶片凋落物的C矿化量和重量损失在10和20℃均高于欧石楠菌根植物;外生菌根植物凋落物分解过程中C矿化量的温度敏感性系数高于欧石楠菌根植物,但重量损失的温度敏感性系数低于欧石楠菌根植物;在每一培养温度下,C矿化量和重量损失均与凋落物全氮(N)和全磷(P)浓度呈正相关,与C/N和C/P呈负相关;尽管C矿化量的温度敏感性系数与凋落物初始化学组成无显著相关性,但重量损失的温度敏感性系数与凋落物全N和全P浓度呈负相关,与C/N和C/P呈正相关。本研究结果为认识和预测气候变暖及其引起的物种组成变化对北方泥炭地植物凋落物分解的影响提供理论依据。     

Fully Plastic Dye Solar Cell Devices by Low‐Temperature UV‐Irradiation of both the Mesoporous TiO2 Photo‐ and Platinized Counter‐Electrodes

The application of UV irradiation processes are successfully proposed for the first time in the fabrication of both of the two plastic electrodes in flexible dye solar cells (DSCs) and modules. For the realization of the photo‐electrode, a customized TiO₂ paste formulation and UV processing method was developed which yields 134% (48%) performance enhancement with respect to the same (binder‐free) paste treated at 120 °C. UV treatment induces both complete removal of organic media and more efficient charge collection. Significantly, highly catalytic platinized flexible counter‐electrodes are also obtained via UV photo‐induced reduction of screen‐printed platinum precursor pastes based on hexachloroplatinic acid. Using both UV‐processed electrodes, a fully plastic DSC is fabricated with a conversion efficiency of 4.3% under 1 Sun (semitransparent) and 5.3% under 0.2 Sun (opaque). Performance is within 10% of the efficiency of a glass‐based DSC prepared with the same materials but with conventional high temperature processes. The material formulations and processes are simple, and easily up‐scaled over large areas, even directly and simultaneously applicable to the preparation of both the photo‐and counter‐electrode on the same substrate which enabled us to demonstrate the first module on plastic realized with a W series interconnection.     

Fungal bioremediation of polyethylene: Challenges and perspectives

Plastics have become ubiquitous in both their adoption as materials and as environmental contaminants. Widespread pollution of these versatile, man-made and largely petroleum-derived polymers has resulted from their long-term mass production, inappropriate disposal and inadequate end of life management. Polyethylene (PE) is at the forefront of this problem, accounting for one-third of plastic demand in Europe in part due to its extensive use in packaging. Current recycling and incineration processes do not represent sustainable solutions to tackle plastic waste, especially once it becomes littered, and the development of new waste-management and remediation technologies are needed. Mycoremediation (fungal-based biodegradation) of PE has been the topic of several studies over the last two decades. The utility of these studies is limited by an inconclusive definition of biodegradation and a lack of knowledge regarding the biological systems responsible. This review highlights relevant features of fungi as potential bioremediation agents, before discussing the evidence for fungal biodegradation of both high- and low-density PE. An up-to-date perspective on mycoremediation as a future solution to PE waste is provided.