Ethnic politics and labour market closure: Shipbuilding and industrial decline in Northern Ireland

This article examines the interplay of ethnic conflict and economic interests in Northern Ireland, specifically for the case of the shipbuilding industry, which received massive state aid despite its terminal decline. Parkin's theory of dual social closure by members of the subordinate class but dominant status group to monopolize resources and opportunities is employed to examine the interests and actions of Protestant workers. The contribution of local institutions including Extended Internal Labor Markets to the salience of Protestant group solidarity is examined from a political economy perspective. Political accommodation between Protestant labour and the Northern Ireland government, and later British government political fears of antagonizing Loyalist workers, facilitated huge aid to a failing industry.     

Impact of a community-based bug-hunting campaign on Chagas disease control: a case study in the department of Jalapa,Guatemala

Chagas disease control requires an innovative approach to strengthen community participation in vector surveillance. This paper presents a case study of a community-based bug-hunting campaign in Guatemala. The campaign was implemented in 2007 in the following three stages: (i) a four week preparation stage to promote bug-hunting, (ii) a one week bug-hunting stage to capture and collect bugs and (iii) a 10 week follow-up stage to analyse the bugs and spray insecticide. A total of 2,845 bugs were reported, of which 7% were Triatominae vectors, such as Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma dimidiata. The bug-hunting campaign detected a five-six-fold higher amount of vectors in one week than traditional community-based surveillance detects in one year. The bug-hunting campaign effectively detected vectors during a short period, provided information to update the vector infestation map and increased community and political awareness regarding Chagas disease. This approach could be recommended as an effective and feasible strategy to strengthen vector surveillance on a larger scale.     

Revolución o muerte: Self-Sacrifice and the Ontology of Cuban Revolution

With reference to the experience of the Cuban Revolution, this article addresses what may be called the ‘late revolutionary paradox’: How can so many people in countries such as Cuba continue to pledge visceral allegiance to their revolution while at the same time expressing deep disaffection with it? My main claim is that the paradox is a product of an undue analytical emphasis on the ideological content of revolutionary discourse, with its mantra-like evocations of ‘process’, ‘change’, ‘emancipation’ and other discursive projections into the future. Seen from the point of view of its form as a socio-political event, I argue, revolution turns on a deeper premise, namely the commitment to self-sacrifice, i.e. the assumption that revolutionary subjects are defined by their potential death in defence of the revolution. The premise of self-sacrifice, I argue, lends revolutionary politics a peculiar ontological foundation that makes it radically different to, broadly, ‘liberal’ understandings of politics. This difference, I show, dissolves the putative ‘paradox’ of later revolutionary societies such as Cuba, allowing revolutionary subjects to sustain a sense of revolutionary conviction in the face of the many historical contingencies that would seem otherwise to make such enduring convictions increasingly difficult to sustain.     

Eradications and People: Lessons from the Plant Eradication Program in Galapagos

It is often argued that the benefit of eradication of an invasive species—a one-off injection of funds and the problem is solved—far outweighs the cost of a perennial control program. Furthermore, these are very attractive projects for funding agencies as outcomes are clear and easy to assess. Galapagos is in the early stage of the invasion process, with most alien species not yet naturalized and still restricted to gardens and farms. These species should be easy targets for early and cost-effective eradication projects, which would prevent many future problems. We review 30 plant eradication projects covering 23 potentially invasive species with limited distributions on four of the Galapagos Islands. Of the 30 projects, only four were successful: these were all less than 1 ha in net area, on land with a single owner and did not have persistent seed banks. Of the other 26 projects, most failed due to a lack of support from institutions that did not offer continuity of resources, from land owners who denied permission to carry out the work or from being too ambitious. As a result of these problems, 64.3% of the funding secured for the program was spent on discontinued projects. We highlight lessons learned to inform plant eradication programs in the future.     

“THAT’S NOT HIS ONLY PROBLEM...” CLINICAL TEAMWORK IN A PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCY ROOM

This article is a qualitative study of the social organization of clinical work in a psychiatric emergency room. The research involved observation of emergency room practices and interviews with the clinical staff members. Due to responsibility of ensuring confidentiality, audio taping was not possible. Observations and interviews were recorded by hand, and thus, except in brief instances, I describe talk rather than reproduce it verbatim. Psychiatry, I argue, should not be explored as a singular profession but as the team practice of a team of occupational groups. These groups are often seen as subordinate to psychiatric physicians, but as this paper will demonstrate these groups are often able to call upon their specific claims to expert knowledge to assume clinical authority over a patient’s diagnosis and treatment. The successful pursuit of such a claim puts these clinical occupational groups in a position to challenge psychiatrists over crucial hospital resources such as beds. These groups’ claim to authority emerges from two sources. The first is their specific histories and their clinical knowledge systems that initially developed independently of cosmopolitan medicine. The second is the political economic environment of urban hospital psychiatric departments which largely treat patients with opaque symptoms of unclear origin that defy easy psychiatric classification.     

Rethinking Irrigation Efficiency: Chain Irrigation in Northwestern Spain

In recent decades, approaches to evaluating irrigation efficiency have undergone a radical reevaluation. Classical models considered drainage water “lost” to irrigation by flowing out of the system. The recognition that drainage water can remain in the system and become available for use by downstream irrigators has forced the reassessment. Irrigation may be relatively inefficient at the irrigation system and field levels but quite efficient at the basin level. The implications for small-scale, gravity-flow canal systems managed by farmers, which constitute 85% of the world's irrigated area, are significant. These implications are explored in an historic and ethnographic analysis of the chain irrigation system of the Orbigo valley of northwestern Spain. This system of drainage and reuse helps to account for high and sustained agricultural productivity by farmers in the region over several centuries. The property rights institutions devised by farmers to manage this system are discussed and its internal organization compared with south Asian cascade irrigation.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DBBS 9122134.

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公立医院医疗政策性亏损财政补偿方式研究

从区域政府财政投入角度出发,结合理论和实际情况进行分析,确立公立医院医疗政策性亏损补偿的分类测算、相对效率、投入——产出最优及动态性4个原则,并提出融合了相应激励制约机制指标体系在内的测算方法。     

DFT studies of the role of C-2-O-2 bond rotation in neighboring-group glycosylation reactions

Although the synthetic utility of the 1,2-trans relationship of the products of neighboring group participation is well established, it is still common to find glycosylation reactions where the stereochemical purity of the products is not 100%. As part of an ongoing series of density functional theory (DFT) studies of the factors that affect glycosylation reactions which are aimed at allowing synthetic chemists to achieve such selectivities, the structures of four oxacarbenium ions and eight methanol complexes of these ions were optimized for the prototypical ions 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-methyl-D-gluco- (1) and mannopyranos-1-yl (2). These studies corroborate the two-conformer hypothesis and further demonstrate that glycopyranosyl oxacarbenium ions exhibit facial selectivity that depends on, besides the inherent steric and Van der Waals effects, the conformational effect associated with the change from sp(2) to sp(3) hybridization at C-1 during nucleophilic attack and H-bonding between the incoming nucleophile and the electronegative atoms of the electrophile. Further studies based on systematic C-2-O-2 bond rotations found TSs that connect the monocyclic ions with the bicyclic ions associated with neighboring-group participation. It was also possible to find two TSs that connect nucleophilic attack at C-1 with C-2-O-2 bond rotation ultimately leading to 1,2-trans O-glycosides, that is, the probable TS that determines the stereochemistry of neighboring-group participation. Both of these TSs exhibit intramolecular H-bonding, which is considered the first step in proton transfer. It is further hypothesized that this coupling of proton transfer and nucleophilic attack is integral to glycosylation. It is further hypothesized that in many cases analogous intermolecular H-bonding is also favorable with the most likely acceptor the anion that is ion-paired to the oxacarbenium ion. These general features are found for both 1 and 2, but characteristic features of each isomer are found that provide further insights into the origins of stereoselectivity.     

Reactions of pentaammineruthenium complexes with 1,2- and 1,4-dicyanobenzene and cyanobenzamides: evidences of neighboring group participation

The spectral (UV-Vis and IR) and electrochemical behavior of the nitrile bonded complexes [Ru(NH₃)₅L]²⁺ (L = 1,4-dicyanobenzene (1,4-dcb), 1,2-dicyanobenzene (1,2-dcb)), [Ru(NH₃)₅(NHC(OH)-bz-4-CN)]³⁺, [Ru(NH₃)₅(NHC(O)-bz-2-CN)]²⁺ and [Ru(NH₃)₅(NH(C)NHC(O)bz)]³⁺ (NH(C)NHC(O)-bz = 3-imino-1-oxo-isoindoline) are described. Oxidation of [Ru(NH₃)₅L]²⁺, at 0 ? pH ? 6, is followed by hydrolysis of the coordinated nitrile to give amide complexes in which the amide is through the nitrogen, with pH-dependent rate constants. The estimated values of the rate constant of hydrolysis (k_obs) at 25 °C are 2.9 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for [Ru(NH₃)₅(1,4-dcb)]³⁺ and 5.6 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ for [Ru(NH₃)₅(1,2-dcb)]³⁺ at pH 4.65. Reduction of [Ru(NH₃)₅(NHC(O)-bz-4-CN)]²⁺ and [Ru(NH₃)₅(NHC(O)-bz-2-CN)]²⁺ is followed by two reactions, one is an aquation forming [Ru(NH₃)₅(OH₂)]²⁺ and free ligand, and the other an intramolecular linkage isomerization forming [Ru(NH₃)₅(NC-bz-4-NH₂C(O))]²⁺ and [Ru(NH₃)₅(NC-bz-2-NH₂C(O))]²⁺. The oxidized1,2-cyanobenzamide complex [Ru(NH₃)₅(NHC(OH)-bz-2-CN)]³⁺ undergoes an amide to nitrile intramolecular linkage isomerization, followed by a cyclization reaction resulting in [Ru(NH₃)₅(NH-(C)(HN-C(O)-2-bz))]³⁺ ((NH-(C)(HN-C(O)-2-bz)) = 3-imino-1-oxo-isoindoline bonded through the exocyclic nitrogen) (pK_a = 4.3). The rates of these reactions, which occur with neighboring group participation, increase with acidity. The reduced form, [Ru(NH₃)₅(NH-(C)(HN-C(O)-2-bz))]²⁺, is relatively substitution inert.