全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4232篇 |
免费 | 292篇 |
国内免费 | 528篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 12篇 |
2023年 | 52篇 |
2022年 | 64篇 |
2021年 | 85篇 |
2020年 | 92篇 |
2019年 | 102篇 |
2018年 | 106篇 |
2017年 | 100篇 |
2016年 | 106篇 |
2015年 | 111篇 |
2014年 | 173篇 |
2013年 | 233篇 |
2012年 | 176篇 |
2011年 | 168篇 |
2010年 | 151篇 |
2009年 | 196篇 |
2008年 | 234篇 |
2007年 | 263篇 |
2006年 | 197篇 |
2005年 | 196篇 |
2004年 | 180篇 |
2003年 | 201篇 |
2002年 | 163篇 |
2001年 | 148篇 |
2000年 | 136篇 |
1999年 | 125篇 |
1998年 | 112篇 |
1997年 | 105篇 |
1996年 | 104篇 |
1995年 | 81篇 |
1994年 | 87篇 |
1993年 | 68篇 |
1992年 | 77篇 |
1991年 | 61篇 |
1990年 | 64篇 |
1989年 | 51篇 |
1988年 | 57篇 |
1987年 | 46篇 |
1986年 | 53篇 |
1985年 | 52篇 |
1984年 | 53篇 |
1983年 | 35篇 |
1982年 | 28篇 |
1981年 | 38篇 |
1980年 | 26篇 |
1979年 | 20篇 |
1978年 | 16篇 |
1977年 | 14篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有5052条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
51.
The effect of temperature on photosynthesis at constant water-vapor pressure in the air was investigated using two sclerophyll species, Arbutus unedo and Quercus suber, and one mesophytic species, Spinacia oleracea. Photosynthesis and transpiration were measured over a range of temperatures, 20–39° C. The external concentration of CO2 was varied from 340 bar to near CO2 compensation. The initial slope (carboxylation efficiency, CE) of the photosynthetic response to intercellular CO2 concentration, the CO2 compensation point (), and the extrapolated rate of CO2 released into CO2-free air (R
i) were calculated. At an external CO2 concentration of 320–340 bar CO2, photosynthesis decreased with temperature in all species. The effect of temperature on was similar in all species. While CE in S. oleracea changed little with temperature, CE decreased by 50% in Q. suber as temperature increased from 25 to 34° C. Arbutus unedo also exhibited a decrease in CE at higher temperatures but not as marked as Q. suber. The absolut value of R
i increased with temperature in S. oleracea, while changing little or decreasing in the sclerophylls. Variations in and R
i of the sclerophyll species are not consistent with greater increase of respiration with temperature in the light in these species compared with S. oleracea.Abbreviations and symbols
A
net photosynthetic rate
-
C
and C
i
CO2 concentration in the air and in the intercellular airspace of the leaf, respectively
- CE
carboxylation efficiency
-
E
transpiration rate
-
R
i
CO2 release into CO2-free air estimated from extrapolation to 0 bar CO2
-
T
i
leaf temerature
- VPD
difference in water-vapor pressure between mesophyll and air
-
CO2 compensation point 相似文献
52.
Trypanosoma brucei: analysis of relapsing populations in sensitive and resistant breeds of cattle 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G E Roelants G Duvallet W Hirsch B Kanwe M Pinder G Guidot G Libeau A Van Melick 《Experimental parasitology》1985,60(1):18-31
The clone DiTat 1.1 of Trypanosoma brucei brucei was injected into four bovids, and clones obtained from successive waves of parasitemia were used to study the expressed variant-specific surface glycoprotein repertoire. Twenty-four clones were obtained which could be classified into 12 different variable antigen types, in addition to the clone injected, using agglutination or immunofluorescence with monospecific antisera. The variable surface glycoproteins of the 25 clones were extracted using the detergent octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside in the presence of the protease inhibitor, N-cbz-L-phenylalaninechloromethylketone. The molecular weights varied from 52,000 to 69,000 and the pI from 5.0 to 8.8. The virulence of 14 clones representing 13 variable antigen types was ascertained in mice. The mean survival time ranged from 20.5 to 43.0 days. Clones isolated from early peaks of parasitemia in the bovid were the most virulent while clones derived from later peaks were less virulent. It seems that organisms of diminishing virulence appear in bovids, leading to self-cure of the disease. All clones were sensitive to human serum in a blood infectivity inhibition test. Antibody against all virulent clones appeared in 20 cattle (10 Zebus, 10 Baoulés) which had been injected with T. brucei DiTat 1.1. There was no evidence for parasites of high or low virulence being preferentially expressed in resistant or sensitive hosts. 相似文献
53.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Myelin-Deficient Mice: Shiverer Mutant Mice Show Deletion in Gene(s) Coding for Myelin Basic Protein 总被引:17,自引:6,他引:11
54.
Summary Insight on the function of gangliosides. can emerge from knowledge of their cellular distribution. In this paper we review the structure of ganglioside GD3 and recent information on its cellular distribution. GD3 appears to be enriched in a variety of neural cell types including: reactive glia, gliomas, undifferentiated neurons, Muller glia, and oligodendroglia. Because each of these cell types share an enhanced permeability to ions and metabolites or possess properties associated with enhanced permeability, we suggest that GD3 is associated with enhanced membrane permeability. A possible function for GD3 in membrane permeability has implications for other cellular events such as metabolism, growth and interactions. 相似文献
55.
冷冻液温和季节对鼠尾过冷点的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
为研究动物对寒冷的适应性,将鼠尾置于冷液浸冻,发现在一定条件下鼠尾组织可发生过冷现象。实验表明,鼠尾组织的过冷点和冷冻液温有关,同一季节冷冻液温越低过冷点越高;而不同季节相同冷冻条件下,冬季鼠尾组织的过冷点明显低于春季。 动物肢体组织的过冷特性是动物的抗寒冷特性,它和组织自身的物理化学性质有关。理沦证明,过冷度(△T)和表面张力(O)、摩尔质量(M),冰点(Ti)、密度(p)、摩尔凝固热(△H)及冰胚临界半径(rk)有关,其关系式为△T=26MTi/p△Hrk. 相似文献
56.
用硫酸铵分段盐析及DEAE-Sephadex A-50、羟磷灰石和CM纤维素等多种柱层析方法,从正常小鼠肝浸液中分离纯化出一种免疫抑制蛋白质(LISP)。在体外用微量该蛋白质就能强烈抑制小鼠T、B淋巴细胞对促有丝分裂原和同种异型抗原的增生反应。纯化的蛋白质在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PACE)和等电聚焦(IEF)鉴定时均显示为一条区带,其等电点(pI)值在7.5—7.8范围。沉降系数利S_(20),w为5.39。Sephadex G-100凝胶层析测得LISP的分子量为78,000道尔顿。十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)提示LISP是由二个相同的亚基组成,亚基分子量为38,500道尔顿。LISP是一种既非糖蛋白又非脂蛋白的碱性蛋白质,对它的氨基酸组成也作了分析。 相似文献
57.
Thomas Hansen-Hagge Volker Lehmann Ulrich Seydel Buko Lindner Ulrich Zähringer 《Archives of microbiology》1985,141(4):353-358
The extraction, purification and structural characterization of two lipid A precursors (Ia and Ib) differing only in one hexadecanoic acid are described. Both precursors were synthesized at elevated temperatures by a new mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (mutant Ts5) which is conditionally defective in synthesis of the 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid region of lipopolysaccharides.Both precursors were purified by repeated phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether (PCP) extractions followed by thin layer chromatography. Teh precursor preparation was free of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids and contained less than 0.1% protein. Structural analysis which included chemical degradation procedures as well as positive ion laser desorption (LDMS) mass spectroscopy of dephosphorylated lipid A precursors showed together that precursor Ia represents a diphosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide containing two ester, two amide-linked residues of 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid and lacks the ester-linked dodecanoic, tetradecanoic and hexadecanoic acid as well as 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid. Precursor Ib has the same basic structure as precursor Ia, but contains in addition one mol of hexadecanoic acid per mol disaccharide which is linked to the 3-hydroxy group of the amide-bound 3-hydroxy-tetradecanoic acid of the reducing, terminal glucosamine residue.The structure of precursor Ib supports the conclusion that hexadecanoic acid incorporation occurs at an early stage in lipid A biosynthesis prior to the attachment of 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid and/or other polar substituents.Abbreviations LDMS
laser desorption mass spectrometry
- KDO
3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid
- Ts5
Salmonella typhimurium mutant Ts5
- PCP
phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether
- H2F2
hydrogen fluoride
This work is dedicated to Prof. Dr. Drews, Freiburg, on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
58.
The mature larvae of the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella, spend over 9 months (October-next August) in the inactive state until pupation down to 3 cm below the surface in soil. Trehalose content of inactive larvae increases in early winter, attaining a maximum (ca 30 mg/g), and decreases in spring, with a concomitant decrease and increase of glycogen. The median supercooling points seasonally change from ?19.8°C (October) to ?25.0°C (February), and to ?17.0°C (June). The lower supercooling points in winter are in part due to the absence of unusually high values (> ?18°C). The increase in trehalose does not seem to be effective in depressing the supercooling points. The larvae are freeze-intolerant, but ambient temperatures in outdoor conditions are always above the supercooling points. The survival rates are very high throughout the inactive period. 相似文献
59.
Summary Stamenless-2 (sl2/sl2) is a temperature-sensitive mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) which exhibits altered stamen development under different temperatures (Sawhney 1983). By using scanning electron microscopy, this study was conducted to investigate the differentiation of surface features of mutant and normal stamens grown under different temperatures, with the view to further determine the role of temperature in gene expression in stamen development. Mutant stamens grown under intermediate temperatures (23 °C day/18 °C night) differed from the normal in hair production, the shape of epidermal cells and in the pattern of cuticular thickenings. Under low temperatures (18 °C day/15 °C night), all surface features of mutant stamens closely resembled the normal, whereas under high temperatures (28 °C day/23 °C night), the patterns and types of hairs, epidermal cells, stomata, and cuticular thickenings on mutant stamens were similar to that of a gynoecium. The staminal features of normal stamens were not affected by different temperatures. This study shows that the expression of the sl2/sl2 allele is influenced by temperature conditions to the extent that the pattern of cellular differentiation characteristic of either the stamens or the carpels can be induced in mutant stamens. 相似文献
60.
Selenocysteine lyase activity was detected in crude extracts from a cysteine-requiring mutant ofEscherichia coli K-12. The level of activity was the same whether cells had been grown aerobically or anaerobically, with or without selenocysteine.
Selenocysteine lyase catalyzes the conversion of selenocysteine to alanine and elemental Se, a reaction that is followed by
a nonenzymatic reduction of the Se to hydrogen selenide. Both of these end products were identified in this study. With cysteine
as the substrate, alanine and H2S were formed, but only at levels 50% less than the products formed from selenocysteine. Selenocysteine lyase has been identified
in a number of mammals and bacteria; its presence in a cysK mutant ofE. coli K-12 suggests a common route whereby hydrogen selenide, derived from selenocysteine, can then be assimilated into selenoproteins. 相似文献