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41.
多纹豹蠹蛾(Zeuzera multistrigata Moore)属鳞翅目豹蠹蛾科,是福建省沿海防护林木麻黄(Casuarina)的主要蛀干害虫。国内对此虫的发生规律研究,尚未见正式报道。国外分布于印度、孟加拉国、缅甸。一、研究方法(一) 生物学特性观察在惠安赤湖林场,莆田县山星林场设立研究基点。(1) 每隔3—15天定期上山解剖有虫株,1982—1987年共剖木5748株;(2) 在不同方同设立3个林间养虫室,种植有虫木;(3) 野外套笼1382株虫害木;(4) 室内水培苗木饲养,养虫笼木段饲养,玻璃培养皿盛木屑饲养;(5)黑光灯诱蛾。各方法互相验证,取长补短。(二) 生态因子调查采取踏查和标准地 相似文献
42.
Grain sorghum can substitute for corn as a full season crop and replace soybeans in double cropping systems with wheat in the southeastern United States. Relatively few studies have been conducted to measure the response of grain sorghum to tillage, weed control method, and row spacing. These experiments were designed to determine the effects of weed control method and row spacing on no-till planted grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench G1516-BR) after wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Coker 68–15) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L. Bigbee) grown for winter forage in comparison to sorghum planted on a conventionally prepared seedbed. The experiment included 45, 60, and 90 cm row spacings and three weed control regimes: none, mechanical, and chemical. Grain sorghum planted no-till in crimson clover or wheat sod yielded considerably more grain than conventionally planted sorghum. Grain sorghum produced significantly higher yields in 45-cm rows than in 60-and 90-cm row spacings with all three planting methods. Effects of chemical weed control on weed population with all tillage methods and on grain yield with conventional tillage were significant. There were no significant differences in grain protein content due to row spacing or weed control method. 相似文献
43.
Abstract. The annual cycle of canopy structure in two mediterranean shrubs in a pioneer zone of the mobile dune system in the Donana National Park, Scrophularia frutescens and Halimium halimifolium, has been analyzed. Destructive methods were used as well as a new non-destructive method, based on frequency analysis of organ distribution within the plant canopy. S. frutescens shows strong seasonal changes of photo-synthetic biomass, but little annual increment in dry weight. In H. halimifolium, seasonal changes are not as strongly differentiated as in S. frutescens, but a higher annual increment is shown. The canopy structure of both species and its temporal changes are compared with existingplant strategy models. 相似文献
44.
Evidence has been obtained indicating that the cell's position in the cell cycle at the onset of starvation is a naturally occurring variable closely involved in the subsequent sorting and pattern formation during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum Ax2. It is of interest to know whether a similar phenomenon is also noticed in species other than D. discoideum and also without any treatment of cells for cell synchronization. For this, the sorting behavior of D. mucoroides-7 ( Dm7 ) cells and its relation to the cell-cycle phase at the onset of starvation were analyzed, using non-synchronized Dm7 cells pulse-labeled with 5'-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The results demonstrate that Dm7 cells starved at the early G2 phase aggregate most rapidly, but are eventually sorted out to the posterior prespore zone of migrating slugs. In contrast, cells starved at the mid late G2 phase exhibited slower aggregation, but were sorted out to the anterior zone (tip), this being basically similar to the sorting behavior of D. discoideum cells. Measurements of cell numbers and nuclearity provided evidence that approximately 80% of cells progressed their cell-cycle after the formation of multicellular structures (mounds), probably coupling with prespore differentiation as in the case of D. discoideum . Thus, cell cycle-dependent sorting during Dictyostelium development is most likely to be a common phenomenon in different species. 相似文献
45.
Antonio Bode Benita Casas Emilio Fernández Emilio Marañón Pablo Serret Manuel Varela 《Hydrobiologia》1996,341(3):225-234
Summary Chlorophyll-a and primary production on the euphotic zone of the N-NW Spanish shelf were studied at 125 stations between 1984 and 1992. Three geographic areas (Cantabrian Sea, Rías Altas and Was Baixas), three bathymetric ranges (20 to 60 m, 60 to 150 m and stations deeper than 200 m), and four oceanographic stages (spring and autumn blooms, summer upwelling, summer stratification and winter mixing) were considered. One of the major sources of variability of chlorophyll and production data was season. Bloom and summer upwelling stages have equivalent mean and maximum values. Average chlorophyll-a concentrations approximately doubled in every step of the increasing productivity sequence: winter mixing — summer stratification — high productivity (upwelling and bloom) stages. Average primary production rates increased only 60% in the described sequence. Mean (± sd) values of chlorophyll-a and primary production rates during the high productivity stages were 59.7 ± 39.5 mg Chl-a m–2 and 86.9 ± 44.0 mg C m–2 h–1, respectively. Significant differences in both chlorophyll and primary production resulted between geographic areas in most stages. Only 27 stations showed the effects of the summer upwelling that affected coastal areas in the Cantabrian Sea and Rías Baixas shelf, but also shelf-break stations in the Rías Altas area. The Rías Baixas area had lower chlorophyll than both the Rías Altas and the Cantabrian Sea areas during spring and autumn blooms, but higher during summer upwelling events. On the contrary, primary production rates were higher in the Rías Baixas area during blooms in spring and autumn. Mid-shelf areas showed the highest chlorophyll concentrations during high productivity stages, probably due to the existence of frontal zones in all geographic areas considered. The estimated phytoplankton growth rates were comparable to those of other coastal upwelling systems, with average values lower than the maximum potential growth rates. Doubling rates for upwelling and stratification stages in the northern and Rías Altas shelf areas were equivalent, despite larger biomass accumulations during upwelling events. Low turnover rates of the existing biomass in the Rías Baixas shelf in upwelling stages suggests that the accumulation of phytoplankton was due mainly to the export from the highly productive rías, while the contribution of in situ production to these accumulations was relatively lower. 相似文献
46.
R.D. TORTOSA L. AAGESEN G.M. TOURN 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》1996,122(4):353-367
A morphological study of vegetative and reproductive structures was carried out on the tribe Colletieae (Rhamnaceae) composed of six genera and 20 species. The plant habit variation, from trees (up to 8 m high) to prostrate shrubs and tangled bushes, suggests structural differences within the group. All the species have an architecture represented by a sequence of monopodial shoots with limited growth, linked sympodially and with acrotonic dichasial ramification. Foliage leaves are decussate and an axillary complex with two serial meristems is associated with each leaf axil. Ancillary shoots (thorn-tipped branches, short shoots, secondary branches and reproductive shoots) are present at the nodes. A single structural plan was observed throughout the tribe. Most of the variability may be ascribed to different strategies for adaptation to environmental conditions, specially xeromorphy. Reproductive structures, in terms of inflorescences, also show conspicuous variation throughout the tribe. Three different models are described; in the first two models individual flowers or 3–7 flowered cymes constitute the paracladia of either deciduous monotelic synflorescences, or of synflorescences proliferating into vegetative long shoots; in the third, uniflorous paracladia arise from perennial short-shoots. Nevertheless, a link within them can be established through steps of truncation, proliferation, reduction and acquisition of rhythmic growth. 相似文献
47.
M. Kawasaki J. Prather Y. -X. Guo 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1996,178(4):453-462
The sensory cues for a less known form of frequency shifting behavior, gradual frequency falls, of electric organ discharges (EODs) in a pulse-type gymnotiform electric fish, Rhamphichthys rostratus, were identified. We found that the gradual frequency fall occurs independently of more commonly observed momentary phase shifting behavior, and is due to perturbation of sensory feedback of the fish's own EODs by EODs of neighboring fish. The following components were identified as essential features in the signal mixture of the fish's own and the neighbor's EOD pulses: (1) the neighbor's pulses must be placed within a few millisecond of the fish's own pulses, (2) the neighbor's pulses, presented singly at low frequencies (0.2–4 Hz), were sufficient, (3) the frequency of individual pulse presentation must be below 4 Hz, (4) amplitude modulation of the sensory feedback of the fish's own pulses induced by such insertions of the neighbor's pulses must contain a high frequency component: sinusoidal amplitude modulation of the fish's own EOD feedback at these low frequencies does not induce gradual frequency falls. Differential stimulation across body surfaces, which is required for the jamming avoidance response (JAR) of wave-type gymnotiform electric fish, was not necessary for this behavior. We propose a cascade of high-pass and low-pass frequency filters within the amplitude processing pathway in the central nervous system as the mechanism of the gradual frequency fall response.Abbreviations
EOD
electric organ discharge
-
f
frequency of EOD or pacemaker command signal
-
JAR
jamming avoidance response
-
S
1
stimulus mimicking fish's own EOD
-
f
1
frequency of S1
-
S
2
stimulus mimicking neighbor's EOD
-
f
2
frequency of S2 相似文献
48.
J. Xu D. M. Gooler A. S. Feng 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1996,178(4):435-445
Single-unit recordings were made from 143 neurons in the frog (Rana p. pipiens) inferior colliculus (IC) to investigate how free-field sound direction influenced neural responses to sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated (SAM) tone and/or noise. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs) were derived from 3 to 5 sound directions within 180° of frontal field. Five classes of MTF were observed: low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, multi-pass, and all-pass. For 64% of IC neurons, the MTF class remained unchanged when sound direction was shifted from contralateral 90° to ipsilateral 90°. However, the MTFs of more than half of these neurons exhibited narrower bandwidths when the loudspeaker was shifted to ipsilateral azimuths. There was a decrease in the cut-off frequency for neurons possessing low-pass MTFs, an increase in cut-off frequency for neurons showing high-pass MTFs, or a reduction in the pass-band for neurons displaying bandpass MTFs. These results suggest that sound direction can influence amplitude modulation (AM) frequency tuning of single IC neurons.Since changes in periodicity of SAM tones alter both the temporal parameters of sounds as well as the sound spectrum, we examined whether directional effects on spectral selectivity play a role in shaping the observed direction-dependent AM selectivity. The directional influence on AM selectivity to both SAM tone and SAM noise was measured in 62 neurons in an attempt to gain some insight into the mechanisms that underlie directionally-induced changes in AM selectivity. Direction-dependent changes in the shapes of the tone and noise derived MTFs were different for the majority of IC neurons (55/62) tested. These data indicate that a spectrally-based and a temporally-based mechanism may be responsible for the observed results.Abbreviations
AM
amplitude modulation
-
CF
characteristic frequency
-
DI
direction index
-
FR
isointensity frequency response
-
GABA
gamma-aminobutyric acid
-
IC
inferior colliculus
-
ICc
central nucleus of the inferior colliculus
-
ITD
interaural time difference
-
MTF
modulation transfer function
-
PSTH
peri-stimulus time histogram
-
SAM
sinusoidal-amplitude-modulated
-
SC
synchronization coefficient
-
CN
cochlear nucleus 相似文献
49.
Bernard L. Strehler 《Photosynthesis research》1996,48(1-2):11-18
The circumstances that led to the discovery that plants luminesce after they are illuminated are described, as are other discoveries that would not have been possible were it not for the fortuitous association I had with my dear and most admirable friend, W.A. Arnold, to whom this special issue is dedicated. 相似文献
50.
The tropical butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, exhibits seasonal polyphenism. The wet season form has large eyespots and a pale band while these characters are much less conspicuous or absent in the dry season form. This plasticity is induced in the laboratory by use of a standard series of constant temperatures in the larval stage yielding a continuous norm of reaction. Butterflies in this study were reared from hatchling larvae in seven regimes which differed with respect to thermoperiod or photoperiod. The effect of rearing treatment on the phenotypic plasticity of the adult wing pattern, on life history traits and on larval feeding rhythms was investigated. Photoperiod had little effect except that constant light produced a higher mortality and tended to produce a longer development time. Thermoperiod had a major effect on the life history traits in comparison to a constant temperature regime with the same daily mean: development time was shorter with higher growth rates. The faster development was associated with a substantial shift in the wing pattern towards the wet season form. Larvae feed mostly at night both under constant and thermoperiod (cool nights) conditions. The results are discussed with respect to the necessity of matching field and laboratory environments in studies of norms of reaction or of life history traits where the adaptive significance of the variation is important. Fluctuating conditions in nature, especially with respect to thermoperiod, must be taken into account. 相似文献