广西宜山县不同林型人工林凋落物与土壤肥力的研究

根据1984—1989年的定位观测,广四宜山县庆远林场27—32龄马尾松纯林、23—28龄柠檬桉与马尾松混交林和40—45龄麻栎林的年平均凋落物总量分别为548.3、511.8和479.5g/m~2。通过凋落物归还土壤的营养元素(N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn)总量依次为0.59278、0.78789和1.14750g/m~2·a。土壤肥力测试表明,桉松混交林和麻栎林的土壤旱季含水量、孔隙度、养分含量、微生物数量及呼吸作用强度均高于马尾松纯林。     

河西走廊芦苇的光合碳同化途径对生境条件的适应

 本文以甘肃省河西走廊生长的四个不同生境芦苇为对象,比较研究了它们的叶解剖结构、光合关键酶活力、乙醇酸氧化酶活力和稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)。结果发现,沼泽芦苇叶中虽具有不典型的花环结构,但维管束鞘细胞中不含叶绿体,RUBPcase活力／PEPcase活力比值为24.4,乙醇酸氧化酶活力为1218Unit mgpro-1·min-1δ13C值为-34‰,这些测值位于C3植物(小麦)的范围内。生长于沙丘上的芦苇叶片具有明显的花环结构,维管束鞘细胞内含异型叶绿体,RUBPcase活力／PEPcase活力比值为0.985, 乙醇酸氧化酶活力为504 Unitmgpro-1·min-1,δ13C值为-20.9‰,这些测值与典型C4植物(玉米)十分相似。盐化草甸芦苇和盐化草一沙丘过渡地带芦苇叶中均具有明显的花环结构,维管束鞘细胞中含大型叶绿体,RUBPcase活力／PEPcase活力比值分别为2.45和1.53,但乙醇酸氧化酶活力分别为1470和2058Unitmgpro-1·min-1,δ13C值分别为35.6和30.6‰,综合盐化草甸芦苇和过渡地带芦苇的上述指标,似介于沼泽芦苇和沙丘芦苇之间。由这些结果可以认为,分布于甘肃省河西走廊的芦苇,在种内发生有由环境因子引起的光合碳代谢途径的适应性改变。     

射阳海涂芦苇病虫害的生态控制

1990～1992年对射阳海涂芦苇的芦毒蛾、条锹额夜蛾、宫苍仁蚧以及芦苇褐斑病和芦苇叶锈病的主要生物学和生态学特点进行了观察研究,提出了以生态控制为基础的综合防治体系。防治实践表明,这一体系是可行的,具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

Effect of cellulose wastes upon the growth of Phragmites australis

Growth responses of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex Steud, (reed grass), a helophyte species, were examined under in vitro and greenhouse conditions in the presence of various residues from a Kraft pulp mill. Plant tolerance to solid residues (ashes, dregs, flyashes, grits, primary sludge, and brown stock rejects) was tested in vitro. Solid residues were added separately up to 30% (w/v), as well a liquid residue up to 30% (v/v), to a Murashige and Skoog (1962) sucrose-free nutrient media with (5 mg l(-1)) 6-benzylaminopurine. After 2 mo in vitro, plantlets developed well in the presence of up to 10% solid or liquid wastes, but higher concentrations of either limited growth. This effect was mainly attributed to the plant's uptake and accumulation of various elements such as sodium, iron, copper, manganese, and boron, which are common to these waste types, thus showing an efficient phytoremediation potential. When added to MS media, the concentration of these elements generally decreased in the residual media after 2 mo of culture: the initial sodium, iron, and copper content in the growth media was reduced ca. 10-fold detected; a 5-fold reduction occurred for manganese and boron. In experiments under greenhouse conditions with in vitro propagated plantlets potted in mixtures of a commercial organic soil and residues, significant differences in plant development (plant size and fresh weight increase) were observed in the presence of ashes mixed at levels of 20% and 30%, compared to the control in organic soil. For other solid wastes, plant growth was inhibited as the concentration of each waste increased, causing chlorosis and/or plant necrosis.     

Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea) as a Biological Model in the Study of Plant Invasions

Invasive species pose a serious threat to native plant communities and are an important contributor to loss of biodiversity. In the case of Phalaris arundinacea, L. (Poaceae), reed canary grass, a cool-season, long-lived perennial plant native to Eurasia and North America, nonnative agronomically important genotypes were introduced to North America for numerous uses such as forage and soil stabilization. Following repeated introductions, reed canary grass became an aggressive invader that takes over natural wet prairies, stream-banks and wetlands. Reed canary grass can outcompete native plant species, resulting in monospecific stands with concomitant loss of plant and insect diversity and ultimately to alteration in ecosystem function. Abiotic factors such as disturbance, changes in hydrological regime, and particularly nutrient runoff to wetlands can enhance reed canary grass establishment and vegetative spread. In addition, the species' capacity for early season growth, rapid vegetative spread, high stem elongation potential, wide physiological tolerance, and high architectural plasticity make the species highly aggressive under a wide range of ecological conditions. The change in life-history and environmental conditions responsible for the enhanced aggressiveness observed between native and invasive genotypes are not yet understood. Hence, reed canary grass provides an ideal study system to test a number of ecological and genetic hypotheses to explain why some plant species become extremely aggressive when transported into a new geographical area. To date, genetic studies have found that invasive populations have high genetic diversity and that genotypes differ in their phenotypic plasticity and response to ecological conditions, which may contribute to their invasion success. Finally comparative studies currently underway on European native and American invasive genotypes of reed canary grass should shed light on the mechanisms responsible for reed canary grass's aggressiveness and should provide an experimental protocol to test ecological and genetic hypotheses about what makes a species invasive.     

刺槐和侧柏人工林有效根系密度分布规律研究

通过分层分段挖掘法 ,对 13龄刺槐、侧柏人工林 ,根区有效根长密度和根重密度的空间分布进行了研究 .结果表明 ,尽管刺槐根系分布深度是侧柏的 2倍多 ,但平均有效根长密度只有侧柏的 4 4 .5 % .在垂直方向上 ,两树种有效根系主要分布在 0～ 6 0 cm土层内 ,然而最大有效根长密度却均位于距地表 0～ 30 cm以内 .其中 ,刺槐 0～30 cm区域内有效根长占总有效根长的 5 1.5 8% ,侧柏占 5 8.38% ;刺槐有效根干重占总有效根干重的 6 3.0 1% ,侧柏占 71.0 9% ;两树种根系密度分布均随土层深度增加而呈指数形式递减 .在水平方向上 ,刺槐有效根系密度呈二次抛物线型分布、最大有效根长或根密度以距树干 30～ 90 cm处最大 ;侧柏有效根系密度则随着距主干距离的增大而减小 .非线性参数拟合分析表明 ,采用 RD=EXP A+BX +CZ 函数模型 ,能较好地反映人工林根系密度的空间分布     

PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation, characterization and multiplex genotyping of 11 autosomal and four sex-linked microsatellite loci in the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus (Emberizidae, Aves)

Fifteen highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were characterized in the reed bunting, Emberiza schoeniclus. Eleven loci were autosomal and four linked to the Z chromosome. All loci were characterized and tested in 45 unrelated reed buntings from a Swiss population. Autosomal loci displayed seven to 17 and sex-linked loci displayed four to 13 alleles with heterozygosities ranging from 0.756 to 0.933 and from 0.478 to 0.957, respectively. These loci will be used in population genetic and mating system studies of reed buntings.     

Response of reed community to the environment gradient water depth in the Yellow River Delta, China

We investigated and monitored a reed community in the fields.Data on the bio-ecologieal characteristics and β-diversity of reed communities in different environmental gradients (mainly based on water depth) of the Yellow River Delta were collected through multianalysis,extremum analysis and β-diversity index analysis.In accordance with the square sum of deviations (Ward)cluster analysis,10 sampling plots were divided into six types with the dominant plants in different plots varying according to the change in environmental gradients.The dominant plants in these plots varied from aquatic plants to xerophytes and salt tolerant plants as water depth decreased.The average height and diameter of the reeds at breast level were significantly correlated with the average water depth.The fitness curves of average density and coverage with average water depth were nonlinear.When the average water depth was 0.3 m,the average density and coverage of reeds reached the apex value,while the height and diameter of the reeds at breast level increased with the water depth.There were obvious changes to the environmental gradient in the Yellow River Delta.The transitional communities were also found to exist in the Yellow River Delta by β-diversity analysis.Vicarious species appeared with the change in water depth.The occurrence of substitute species is determined by the function of common species between adjacent belts.The different functions of common species led to differences in community structure and function and differences in dominant plants.The result reflects the variations of species present in different habitats and directly reflects environmental heterogeneity.The values of//-diversity indices of adjacent plots were higher than those of nonadjacent plots.There are transition zones between the xerophytes and aquatic plants in the Yellow River Delta.In an aquatic environment,the similarity of reed community is higher than that of xeromorphic plants.The β-diversity index can reflect plant succession trends caused by the change in environmental gradients in the Yellow River Delta.The β-diversity index reveals plant responses to changes in environmental gradient and is helpful in observing changes in patterns of species diversity in relation to environmental gradient change and evolving trends in the future,which in turn plays a prominent role when environmental water requirements of wetland are discussed.     

三峡库区消落带芦苇(Phragmites communis (reed))的光合生理响应和叶绿素荧光特性

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤含水量变化特征,设置了T1(淹水超过土壤表面2cm)、T2(土壤含水量为田间持水量的70%～100%)、T3(土壤含水量为田间持水量的40%～60%)3个不同处理组,用嘉陵江江水灌溉芦苇(Phragmites communis (reed)),研究了三峡库区不同消落带带位土壤不同含水量条件下芦苇穗期的光合生理生态响应机理和适应对策.结果表明,土壤不同含水量对芦苇植株光合色素、叶片气体交换参数、资源利用效率以及叶绿素荧光参数有不同影响.其中,T1的光合色素含量最低,T3的类胡萝卜素含量最高.在T1条件下,芦苇表现出较低的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP),但与其它耐水淹植物相比,T1条件下的穗期芦苇仍具有较高的光合速率(17.067μmol·m-2·s-1),说明芦苇具有较强的耐水淹能力.在T2和T3条件下,芦苇具有较高的光能利用率(LUE)、CO2利用率(CUE)、净光合速率(Pn)、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP).水分利用效率(WUE)大小顺序为T3>T1>T2.虽然T1的PSII有效光化学量子产量(F′v/F′m)最高,T2的光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)最大,而T3的电子传递效率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)最高,表明在高光强和高温条件下,T3具有较强的热耗散能力,能有效保护光合机构,因而光合速率最高(20.47μmol·m-2·s-1).研究证实芦苇不仅具有耐水湿的特点,还具有耐旱性,芦苇适合作为三峡库区消落带植被恢复建设禾本科先锋物种.