抗阿特拉津转基因大豆植株后代的遗传分析

本试验用阿特拉津溶液涂抹、荧光诱导动力学检测、分子杂交等方法对抗阿特拉津转基因大豆植株的后代进行了鉴定,在第二代及第三代中检测到了抗性基因的存在,表明从龙葵中得到的此抗阿特拉津 psbA 基因不仅能导人大豆叶绿体基因组中获得表达,而且可以遗传到后代。     

Plant regeneration in vitro of South Pacific taro (Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta cv. Akalomamale,Aracea)

Summary Axillary bud expiants from South Pacific (Solomon Islands) taro, Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta cv. Akalomamale (Araceae) cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog medium containing 1 mg NAA 1^–1 and TE formed callus and produced multiple plantlets. Explants died if NAA was present at levels lower than 0.1 mg 1^–1. BA was not required and may have been inhibitory. Plantlets developed faster and became larger following transfer to a hormone-free medium two weeks after the start of culture. Fully grown plants were established in a potting mix and are growing well in a greenhouse.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - BM basal medium - Ca Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum - Ce Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta - Ck cytokinin(s) - CW coconut water - HSMSM half strength Murashige Skoog macroelements - HSMS half strength Murashige and Skoog medium - IM initial medium(ia) - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - NAA naphthaleneacetic acid - SM second medium - TE taro corm extract - UCI University of California, Irvine     

Plant regeneration from callus and protoplasts of Brassica nigra (IC 257) through somatic embryogenesis

A method to obtain plants from embryogenic callus of Brassica nigra and protoplasts of hypocotyl expiants is described. Callus was initiated on Murashige and Skoog medium containing kinetin (kn) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Lowering of auxin induced embryo formation. Supplementation with gibberellic acid (GA₃) enhanced embryogenic response tenfold. Passage through liquid medium devoid of growth regulators was essential for the growth of embryos. Secondary embryos were produced on transfer to solid basal medium. Embryogenic callus retained its morphogenic ability even after 12 subcultures. Both primary and secondary embryos produced fertile plants. Hypocotyl-derived protoplasts were also regenerated to plants following the same protocol. The survival of plants on transfer to soil was about 80%. The seeds from plants derived from callus and protoplasts were viable.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid - NAA naphthalene acetic acid - IAA indole acetic acid - kn kinetin - GA₃ gibberellic acid     

Effects of water level fluctuation on the growth ofNelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Lake Kasumigaura,Japan

Investigations were made of the growth ofNelumbo nucifera, an aquatic higher plant, in a natural stand in Lake Kasumigaura. A rise of 1.0 m in the water level after a typhoon in August 1986 caused a subsequent decrease in biomass ofN. nucifera from the maximum of 291 g d.w. m⁻² in July to a minimum of 75 g d.w. m⁻². The biomass recovered thereafter in shallower regions. The underground biomass in October tended to increase toward the shore. The total leaf area index (LAI) is the sum of LAI of floating leaves and emergent leaves. The maximum total LAI was 1.3 and 2.8 m² m⁻² in 1986 and 1987, respectively. LAI of floating leaves did not exceed 1 m² m⁻². The elongation rates of the petiole of floating and emergent leaves just after unrolling were 2.6 and 3.4 cm day⁻¹, respectively. The sudden rise in water level (25 cm day⁻¹) after the typhoon in August 1986 caused drowning and subsequent decomposition of the mature leaves. Only the young leaves were able to elongate, allowing their laminae to reach the water surface. The fluctuation in water level, characterized by the amplitude and duration of flooding and the time of flooding in the life cycle, is an important factor determining the growth and survival ofN. nucifera in Lake Kasumigaura.     

Common antigenic determinants in the glycoproteins of plants,molluscs and insects

An antiserum raised against -fructosidase isolated from the cell walls of suspension-cultured carrot cells cross-reacts with many plant proteins and hemocyanin ofHelix pomatia. The shared epitope appears to be a small complex glycan with a (1–2)-linked xylose residue attached to the -linked mannose residue of the core of an asparagine-linked oligosaccharide. There is strong cross-reactivity with the proteins of many seed plants, molluscs and insects, and no cross-reactivity with the proteins of fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, or any of the vertebrates tested. Xylose-containing glycans appear to increase the immunogenicity of the proteins to which they are attached, and we suggest that they may be responsible for some allergic responses of people that are repeatedly exposed to plant or insect proteins.     

A new name and a new species in MexicanRuellia (Acanthaceae)

Based on pollen and floral morphology,Blechum grandiflorum is transferred toRuellia, and the nameR. mirandana is proposed for this species. A new species,Ruellia tuxtlensis, is described which is distinguishable fromR. mirandana by its longer spike and elliptic bracts. It is presently known only from the lowlands of Veracruz, Mexico.     

A role for haemoglobin in all plant roots?

Abstract. We have found haemoglobin in plant roots whereas previously it has been recorded only in nitrogen fixing nodules of plants. Haemoglobin occurs not only in the roots of those plants that are capable of nodulation but also in the roots of species that are not known to nodulate. We suggest that a haemoglobin gene may be a component of the genome of all plants. The gene structure and sequence in two unrelated families of plants suggests that the plant haemoglobins have had a single origin and that this origin relates to the haemoglobin gene of the animal kingdom. At present we cannot completely rule out the possibility of a horizontal transfer of the gene from the animal kingdom to a progenitor of the dicotyledonous angiosperms but we favour a single origin of the gene from a progenitor organism to both the plant and animal kingdoms. We speculate about the possible functions of haemoglobin in plant roots and put the case that it is unlikely to have a function in facilitating oxygen diffusion. We suggest that haemoglobin may act as a signal molecule indicating oxygen deficit and the consequent need to shift plant metabolism from an oxidative to a fermentative pathway of energy generation.     

Overwintering and growth regulator treatment effects on celery (Apium graveolens L.) flowering and seed production

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) plants cv. Jason overwintered in a polythene tunnel flowered earlier and grew taller than similar plants given a 10-week cold-treatment at 5°C prior to transplanting in the same tunnel in mid-February. However, there was no significant difference in the yield of seeds obtained from both treatments, plants grown at a density of 4m^-2 yielded less seeds than those at 2m^-2, though the yield per unit area was slightly higher from the high density treatment. Treatment with 100 mgl^-1 GA₃ applied twice just prior to flowering and during anthesis increased flower stalk, flower pedicel and stamen length but delayed flower opening and seed ripening and decreased seed set and seed yield. Treatment with a mixture of 1000 mgl^-1 GA₄ and GA₇ plus 1000 mgl^-1 ethephon on three occasions during seed ripening decreased seed yield and reduced seed germination though those seeds capable of germinating were less dormant than seeds from untreated plants. The size distribution of seeds was unaffected by any treatment other than the preseeding spray with GA₃ which reduced the percentage of medium-size seeds.     

Growth and development of maxipak wheat as affected by soil salinity and moisture levels

The effect of soil salinity and soil moisture on the growth and yield of maxipak wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in a lath-house experiment in whih, chloride-sulphate salt mixtures were used to artificially salinize a sandy loam soil from Al-Jadyriah Baghdad. Five soil salinity levels of ECe's equal to 1.7 (Control) 4.2, 5.8, 8.1, 9.4 and 11.0dSm^–1 were prepared and used at 3 levels of available soil moisture depletion, namely, 25, 50, and 75% as determined by weight. Both growth (vegetative) and yield components were studied throughout the growing season.Results showed that increasing the soil salinity from 1.7 to 11.0 dSm^–1, and decreasing the available soil water from 75 to 25% resulted in independent and significant decreases in Mazipak wheat growth and yield components at different stages of plant development. Root growth showed more sensitivity to both available soil water and soil salinity level than other components. It has been concluded that at soil salinity levels of more than 8.0 dSm^–1, available soil water became a limiting factor on wheat growth and the maintenance of 75% of available soil water during the growth period is recommended to obtain satisfactory grain yield.     

Voltage-dependent channels permeable to K+ and Na+ in the membrane ofAcer pseudoplatanus vacuoles

Summary The patch-clamp technique in whole-cell configuration was used to study the electrical properties of the tonoplast in isolated vacuoles fromAcer pseudoplatanus cultured cells. In symmetrical KCl or K₂ malate solutions, voltage- and time-dependent inward currents were elicited by hyperpolarizing the tonoplast (inside negative), while in the positive range of potential the conductance was very small. The specific conductance of the tonoplast at –100 mV, in 100mm symmetrical KCl was about 160 S/cm². The reversal potentials (E _rev) of the current, measured in symmetrical or asymmetrical ion concentrations (cation, anion or both) were very close to the values of the K⁺ equilibrium potential. Experiments performed in symmetrical or asymmetrical NaCl indicate that Na⁺ too can flow through the channels. NeitherE _rev nor amplitude and kinetics of the current changed by replacing NaCl with KCl in the external solution. These results indicate the presence of hyperpolarization-activated channels in tonoplasts, which are permeable to K⁺ as well as to Na⁺. Anions such as Cl^– or malate seem to contribute little to the channel current.