液体植物保护膜防治瓜实蝇的效果评价

【背景】瓜实蝇是一种重要的世界性检疫害虫,广泛分布在我国的热带、亚热带地区。在室内和田间测定了液体植物保护膜对瓜实蝇的控制效能,并初步探索了该保护膜的作用方式,以期为瓜实蝇的绿色防控提供一定的技术支撑。【方法】测定了应用保护膜后瓜实蝇的产卵、存活以及对苦瓜的为害率。【结果】保护膜显著影响了瓜实蝇产卵、存活以及选择性。随着保护膜浓度的升高,瓜实蝇的存活率和在供试苦瓜段上的产卵量逐渐下降,但300和400倍保护膜之间的差异不显著。当浓度达到400倍时产卵量最低,为0.33粒,死亡率最高,约为50%;室内研究发现保护膜可持续影响瓜实蝇产卵5 d;此外,通过将保护膜应用在损伤的苦瓜上,发现保护膜并没有抑制瓜实蝇产卵。在田间,研究发现苦瓜的果长影响了保护膜的应用效能,2种果长的苦瓜应用保护膜后12~14 cm苦瓜的被害率显著低于6~8 cm苦瓜的被害率。【结论与意义】400倍的植物液体保护膜是防治瓜实蝇的最佳浓度,应用时间建议每4 d一次。保护膜最合适的应用时期为果长发育至12~14 cm时,即生长后期。施用保护膜时一定均匀,且在寄主果实受到损伤时不宜喷施保护膜。     

陕西洋县药用植物群落土壤种子库特性研究

采用种子萌发法对洋县药用植物群落土壤种子库物种组成、单位面积种子密度、物种丰富度及与地上群落结构的关系进行了研究。结果显示,研究区内共有种子植物50种(包括药用植物21种),隶属于28科47属,其中草本植物45种、乔木5种;不同药用植物群落间土壤种子库种子密度差异显著,从大到小依次为:2年生凹叶厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.subsp.biloba(Rehd.et Wils.)Law)4年生凹叶厚朴7年生凹叶厚朴11年生凹叶厚朴杜仲-凹叶厚朴(Eucommia ulmoides Oliver-Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.subsp.biloba(Rehd.et Wils.)Law)7年生厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)杜仲山茱萸(Cornus officinalis Sieb.et Zucc.)山茱萸-凹叶厚朴;土壤种子库具有表聚性,土层深度与种子数量成负相关;药用植物群落土壤种子库与地上群落结构相似性普遍较低。低林龄群落的土壤种子库密度大于高林龄群落,因此低林龄群落有利于天然更新,它们在植被恢复和生物多样性保护中的潜在价值更大。本研究结果可为洋县药用植物群落天然更新提供理论指导。     

中华补血草内生与根际具ACC脱氨酶活性细菌的筛选及其生物多样性

【目的】获得江苏沿海滩涂盐生药用植物中华补血草内生及根际具有1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶活性的细菌,研究其遗传多样性和潜在促生活性。【方法】从中华补血草和根际土壤分离筛选具有ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株,对其ACC脱氨酶活性定量检测,通过16S r RNA基因序列分析确定菌株系统发育地位。同时研究其固氮、溶磷、产植物生长素吲哚乙酸(IAA)及耐盐能力。【结果】分离筛选获得18株具有ACC脱氨酶活性的内生与根际细菌,定量检测发现其中有13株菌的ACC脱氨酶含量在20 nmolα-KA/(mg Pr·h)以上,有11株菌可以固氮,7株菌能够解磷,9株菌产生IAA。菌株的Na Cl盐耐受范围多数在0–13%之间。16S r RNA基因测序表明,活性菌株分属于7个属,多样性丰富,节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)为优势类群。其中菌株KLBMP 5180为节杆菌属的潜在新种。【结论】江苏沿海滩涂盐生药用植物中华补血草共生环境中具有丰富多样的具ACC脱氨酶活性的菌株,并存在潜在新物种资源,具有进一步研究价值。     

High productivity of wheat intercropped with maize is associated with plant architectural responses

Mixed cultivation of crops often results in increased production per unit land area, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Plants in intercrops grow differently from plants in single crops; however, no study has shown the association between plant plastic responses and the yield advantage. Here, we assessed the productivity of wheat–maize intercropping as compared to sole wheat and sole maize, and the associated differences in wheat shoot and leaf traits. In two field experiments, intercrop wheat and maize were both grown in alternating strips consisting of six rows of wheat and two rows of maize. The traits of wheat plants in border rows of the strips were compared to the traits of plants in the inner rows as well as those in sole wheat. Leaf development, chlorophyll concentration and azimuth, as well as the final leaf and ear sizes, tiller dynamics of wheat and yield components of both crops were determined. The relative densities of wheat and maize in the intercrop were 0.33 and 0.67, respectively, but the corresponding relative yields compared to the respective monocultures were 0.46 for wheat and 0.77 for maize. Compared to wheat plants in the inner rows of the intercrop strips as well as in the monoculture, border‐row wheat plants in the intercrop strips had (a) more tillers owing to increased tiller production and survival, and thus more ears, (b) larger top leaves on the main stem and tillers, (c) higher chlorophyll concentration in leaves, (d) greater number of kernels per ear and (e) smaller thousand‐grain weight. Grain yield per metre row length of border‐row wheat was 141% higher than the sole wheat, and was 176% higher than the inner‐row wheat. The results demonstrate the importance of plasticity in architectural traits for yield advantage in multispecies cropping systems.