投影寻踪模型在区域生态环境质量评价中的应用

大量相关因子的简化和降维处理是生态环境质量评价的关键问题之一。而投影寻踪模型可将多个指标投影到线性空间,实现指标的降维处理。本文以巢湖流域生态环境质量综合评价进行了实证分析,巢湖流域生态环境质量为3级,其中合肥市和六安市所属区域生态环境质量为3级,巢湖市为4级。研究表明,应用投影寻踪模型进行区域生态环境质量评价人为干扰少,操作简便,便于在生产实践中应用,为区域生态环境质量评价提供了一条新途径。     

低剂量混合污染生态毒理与风险评价研究进展

环境中的化学品往往以低剂量混合形式存在.对单一化学品高剂量暴露下的生态毒性研究成果,难以适用于环境中低剂量混合物的生态毒理效应诊断及风险评价.文中概述了低剂量化学品混合污染生态毒理及风险评价方面的研究进展,主要包括低剂量化学品混合污染诊断的分子毒理研究方法、风险评价方法,并介绍了简单和复杂混合物的风险评价方案.对低剂量混合污染生态毒理与风险评价研究的发展动向提出了见解,指出低剂量化学混合物的研究需要寻找敏感终点,引入多学科手段,积累更多的数据,建立完善、统一的评价体系.     

毛竹出笋后快速生长期内茎秆中光合色素和光合酶活性的变化

为了探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)非同化器官茎秆的光合特性, 测定了毛竹出笋后快速生长期内(2011年4月13日到6月2日)的光合色素含量以及光合酶活性, 并通过激光共聚焦显微镜对其叶绿体分布进行了观察。结果表明: 毛竹茎秆中的叶绿体主要集中分布在表皮以下的基本组织中, 此外维管束鞘周围的细胞内也存在大量的叶绿体, 此特征类似于C₄植物的花环结构。在毛竹出笋后快速生长期内, 随着茎秆不断生长, 叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均极显著(p < 0.01)增加。在出笋10天时, 茎秆中核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)活性、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性和NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)活性最高, 之后随茎秆生长逐渐降低, 生长30天时酶活性与10天时相比分别降低了88.55% (p < 0.01)、77.46% (p < 0.01)和72.50% (p < 0.01), 而PEPC/Rubisco比值则随茎秆生长逐渐增加, 30天时比值达到12.83, 明显高于C₃植物。这表明毛竹茎秆内可能存在C₄光合途径, 此途径有利于毛竹提高光合效率, 进而促进其出笋后的快速生长。     

美丽箬竹水分生理整合的分株比例效应——基于叶片抗氧化系统与光合色素

生理整合是克隆植物实现资源共享, 增强对异质生境适应能力的重要手段。其中, 水分生理整合是克隆植物最为重要的生理整合, 解析竹子水分生理整合特征对于竹林水分科学管理具有重要意义。该研究以分株地下茎相连的美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus)盆栽苗为试验材料, 设置2个盆栽基质相对含水率(高水势(90% ± 5%)和低水势(30% ± 5%))和5个分株比例(1:3、1:2、1:1、2:1、3:1, 高水势分株与低水势分株数量比值, 地下茎相连的分株总数12株)处理。处理后15、30、45、60天分别取不同处理的克隆分株成熟叶测定抗氧化酶活性、相对电导率和丙二醛含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、光合色素含量, 分析基于分株比例的美丽箬竹水分生理整合方向、强度和效率的变化规律。结果表明: 在异质水分条件下, 美丽箬竹分株间存在着从高水势供体分株向低水势受体分株进行水分转移的生理整合作用, 并随着分株比例的增大, 整合强度增强, 受体分株获益提高, 供体分株耗损增大。随着处理时间的延长, 处理前期分株间水分生理整合强度增强, 处理后期整合强度减弱, 反映出供体分株与受体分株间耗-益在时间序列上是有变化的, 处理前期耗-益更为明显。研究表明克隆系统分株比例对竹子水分生理整合有重要影响, 分株间水分梯度差是水分传导的潜在驱动力, 决定水分生理整合方向、强度和效率的是分株间水分供需关系。     

基于标本和分布信息评估中国虾脊兰属 植物的濒危状况

兰科植物是生物多样性保护的旗舰类群之一, 但如何客观准确地评估兰科植物的濒危状况, 一直是生物多样性保护中急需解决的问题。本文以中国虾脊兰属(Calanthe)植物为例, 探讨了基于馆藏标本和野外分布信息进行兰科植物红色名录濒危等级评估的利弊。我们的研究表明, 馆藏标本能够比较客观地反映物种地理分布信息和相应的野外居群状况, 但对于物种分布的历史变化和受威胁因素反映不足; 而野外工作对于物种的实际分布状况和受威胁因素等的反映比较客观, 但能发现的物种和居群数量有限, 部分极小种群物种在短时间野外工作中很难发现。我们的研究认为, 有2种虾脊兰属植物应被评估为野外灭绝(EW), 16种应被评估为极度濒危(CR)。可见, 中国虾脊兰属植物濒危的状况远比前人的评估结果要严重得多。     

Health risks associated with municipal waste combustion on the example of Laskowa commune (Southern Poland)

This study presents the results of an analysis of combustion waste, namely fly ashes produced from the burning of solid fuels mixed with municipal waste. Heavy metal concentrations in the fly ashes examined fell within the following ranges (mg/kg): Cd 0.39–0.79, Cr 13.48–58.51, Ni 17.01–49.37 and Pb 14.95–59.74. As this type of waste does not exceed the limit values of pollutants for organic and organic-mineral fertilisers, it is often discarded on agricultural land or dumped in illegal landfills. Fine particles of fly ashes travel considerable distances and pose a risk to human health as they stick to people's hands during field works. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) values for non-carcinogenic forms of the elements analysed were 1.06E+00 for children and 1.47E-01 for adults. A HQ>1 indicates the probability of adverse health effects. The study has shown that the dominant exposure pathway was ingestion, which accounted for approx. 91% of total health risk, while the respective percentages for other pathways were less than 9% for dermal contact and 0.05% for inhalation. The highest health risk in the ingestion exposure pathway was observed for Cr (HQ_ing = 4.50E-01 for children, HQ_ing = 5.23E-02 for adults) and Pb (HQ_ing = 4.31E-01 for children, HQ_ing = 5.01E-02 for adults). Health risk associated with the presence of Ni and Cd in the material analysed was markedly lower. For carcinogenic forms, the Risk index was established at 6.13E-08 for children and 2.13E-07 for adults. As the exposure limit (10E-5) was not exceeded, the conditions in the area studied should be considered satisfactory.     

Hydrogeochemical evolution and risk assessment of human health in a riverbank filtration site,northeastern China

Intensive agriculture and industrial activities have resulted in contamination in rivers and groundwater quality, which threatens human health. In this study, we used comprehensive physiochemical indicators to assess the quality of groundwater used for drinking and irrigation in addition to the potential risks to local residents in a riverbank filtration site. Human health risks through drinking water intake and dermal contact were also estimated. Moreover, we analyzed the spatial distribution regularities of health risk values in a riverbank filtration site. The assessment results revealed that NH₄–N, NO₂–N, F^?, Mn, and As are main contaminants affecting groundwater quality and that 62% of the total samples is suitable for a variety of purposes. All groundwater in the study area is suitable for irrigation based on the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Na percentage (%Na), and U.S. Salinity Laboratory (USSL) and Wilcox diagrams. The health risk assessment suggests that residents in the study area are at high health risk, and women and children face higher risk than men in both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. The spatial distribution regularities of health risk values suggest that the human health risk value of each groundwater sample is different in the study area and has certain regularity. Therefore, effective measurements must be taken to address the groundwater contamination and to reduce the human health risks.     

Ecological risk assessment in a tropical wetland contaminated with gasoline: Tier 1

To assess natural attenuation and the efficiency of remediation actions after more than two years a large accident with gasoline spill contaminated a wetland in a tropical region, an Ecological Risk Assessment based on the Dutch Triad was applied. In total, eight surface water-sampling points were distributed randomly in the affected area and on reference area upstream the contaminated site, with similar ecological characteristics. Risks based on chemical, ecotoxicological, and ecological lines of evidence (LoE) were calculated to integrate the environmental risk indexes. The chemical risk was derived from toxic pressure coefficients based on the total BTEX and naphthalene concentrations. Ecotoxicological LoE based on acute toxicity with Daphnia similis and Aliivibrio fischeri bioassays and chronic toxicity with Desmodesmus subspicatus bioassay contributed to raise uncertainty due to low sensitivity of acute assays. Genotoxicity and endocrine disruption biomarkers of Oreochromis niloticus were used to calculate the Biomarker Stress Index (BSI) assumed as Ecological Risk Index. The integration of the Chemical Risk Index with BSI to estimate the Biological Vulnerability Index allowed a meaningful analysis of the threats to the aquatic ecosystem, thereby supporting managers and decision-makers.     

Rapid risk assessment of wetland degradation and loss in low-lying coastal zone of Shanghai,China

Coastal wetlands are facing an increasingly high risk of degradation and loss due to a wide variety of human activities and natural processes. Human encroachment, including land reclamation, drainage, and introduction of invasive species, has direct negative effects on wetlands, mainly through changes in hydrology and vegetation. Additionally, accelerated sea level rise (SLR) can result in flooding of wetlands in low-lying coastal zones. In this study, we present a rapid risk assessment method for coastal wetland loss and degradation. The main stress factors, i.e., urban sprawl, agriculture, coastal erosion, and SLR, have been examined and quantified through remote sensing and geographic information system spatial analysis. A weighted factor-based linear model has been used to evaluate the spatial risk levels of wetland loss. The proposed methodology is applied to the low-lying coastal wetlands of Hangzhou Bay in Shanghai, China. The results show that the regions closer to the sea have relatively higher risk levels on the landward side of the coastline, but relatively low risk levels on the seaward side of the coastline. This work emphasizes the need to sustainably use and protect wetlands in order to reduce disaster risks and contribute to the improvement of human well-being.