新疆若干植物群落对土壤和地下水指示性的初步研究

本文对北疆玛纳斯河流域和南疆策勒河流域共10种植物群落与土壤和地下水的关系进行了初步研究,分析了一些植物的指示意义。1．多枝柽柳是一种富Cl和S的植物,它所生长的土壤中Cl-和SO42-的含量较高．生长多枝柽柳群落的土壤盐化类型一般为氮化物、硫酸盐型1）。2．梭梭和白梭梭的化学元素类型很相似,它们都是富Na植物．土壤中Na+离子的相对含量一般在50%以上。3．琵琶柴在南疆多分布在砾质戈壁上,在北疆则多出现于黄土状母质上。一般说来,琵琶柴生长地段0—30cm土层内的盐分平均含量不超过1%。4．花花柴是一种潜水指示植物,它的地下水深度一般不超过3m。花花柴也是一种富S植物,土壤中SO42-离子的相对含量较高。5．疏叶骆驼刺是一种淡水指示植物。在南疆多生长在沙丘间低地和平沙地上．地下水深多在5m以下,土壤盐渍化较弱。6．铃铛刺也是潜水植物,在玛纳斯河流域它一般指示地下水深度在2—4m左右．该植物体内的低灰分含量与土壤弱盐渍化程度相联系。7．膜果麻黄生长在砾沙质的棕色荒漠土上,土体中有明显的石膏淀积层。8．黑刺是典型盐土植物,所在土壤0—30cm平均含盐量大于2%,黑刺是富Na和富Cl植物,土壤中Na+离子和Cl-离子的相对含量也较高。 9．昆仑蒿总是与昆仑黄土相联系,它是一种富K植物,可用来指示土壤中K的较高含量。     

Pollen Morphology and Its Taxonomic Significance of Caragana Fabr. (Fabaceae) from China

Pollen grains of thirty one species and two varieties of the genus Caragana Fabr. were observed under LM and SEM.The results revealed that the pollen exine ornamentation of the species examined could be divided into two types: perforate and reticulate.The later type consists of two subtypes according to lumina size and muri width. In the first subtype the lumina is round with d iameter equal to muri width,and the exine is perforate in two polar areas,while in the second subtype lumina is irregular or polygonal,with diameter sm aller than muri width.The pollen volume was divided into four types.The genus Caragana is a natural group which was indicated by the general resemblance of pollen morphology. In this genus the pollen morphological classification was not in concordance with the arrangement of the sections and series except Ser.Pygmeae and some species. The pollen variation at infraspecific level was obvious,especially the species distributed in Qinghai Xizang Plateau, such as C.jubata, C.bicolor and C. erinacea . The evolutionary trend of pollen morphology is from perforate to reticulate, which is congruous with the evolution from the pinnate leaf group to the almate leaf group in the genus.     

Pigmented eyes,photoreceptor‐like sense organs and central nervous system in the polychaete Scoloplos armiger (Orbiniidae,Annelida) and their phylogenetic importance

The phylogenetic position of Orbiniidae within Annelida is unresolved. Conflicting hypotheses place them either in a basal taxon Scolecida, close to Spionida, or in a basal position in Aciculata. Because Aciculata have a specific type of eye, the photoreceptive organs in the orbiniid Scoloplos armiger were investigated to test these phylogenetic hypotheses. Two different types of prostomial photoreceptor‐like sense organs were found in juveniles and one additional in subadults. In juveniles there are four ciliary photoreceptor‐like phaosomes with unbranched cilia and two pigmented eyes. The paired pigmented eyes lie beside the brain above the circumoesophageal connectives. Each consists of one pigmented cell, one unpigmented supportive cell and three everse rhabdomeric sensory cells with vestigial cilia. During development the number of phaosomes increases considerably and numerous unpigmented sense organs appear consisting of one rhabdomeric photoreceptor cell and one supportive cell. The development and morphology of the pigmented eyes of S. armiger suggest that they represent miniaturized eyes of the phyllodocidan type of adult eye rather than persisting larval eyes resulting in small inverse eyes typical of Scolecida. Moreover, the structure of the brain indicates a loss of the palps. Hence, a closer relationship of Orbiniidae to Phyllodocida is indicated. Due to a still extensive lack of ultrastructural data among polychaetes this conclusion cannot be corroborated by considering the structure of the unpigmented ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor‐like sense organs. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Sensitive protein comparisons with profiles and hidden Markov models

Sequence database searches have become an important tool for the life sciences in general and for gene discovery-driven biotechnology in particular. Both the functional assignment of newly found proteins and the mining of genome databases for functional candidates are equally important tasks typically addressed by database searches. Sensitivity and reliability of the search methods are of crucial importance.The overall performance of sequence alignments and database searches can be enhanced considerably, when profiles or hidden Markov models (HMMs) derived from protein families are used as query objects instead of single sequences.This review discusses the concept of profiles, generalised profiles and profile-HMMs, the methods how they are constructed and the scope of possible applications in gene discovery and gene functional assignment.     

The use of the Mexican Hat and the Morlet wavelets for detection of ecological patterns

In this paper, we compare the relationship between scale and period in ecological pattern analysis and wavelet analysis. We also adapt a commonly used wavelet, the Morlet, to ecological pattern analysis. Using Monte Carlo assessments, we apply methods of statistical significance test to wavelet analysis for pattern analysis. In order to understand the inherent strength and weakness of the Morlet and the Mexican Hat wavelets, we also investigate and compare the properties of two frequently used wavelets by testing with field data and four artificial transects of different typical patterns which is often encountered in ecological research. It is shown that the Mexican Hat provides better detection and localization of patch and gap events over the Morlet, whereas the Morlet offers improved detection and localization of scale over the Mexican Hat. There is always a trade-off between the detection and localization of scale versus patch and gap events. Therefore, the best composite analysis is the combination of their advantages. The properties of wavelet in dealing with ecological data may be affected by characteristics intrinsic to wavelet itself. The peaks of different scales in isograms of wavelet power spectrum from the Mexican Hat may overlap with each other. Alternatively, these peaks of different scales in isograms of wavelet power spectrum may combine with each other unless the size of the analyzed scales is significantly different. These overlapping or combining lead to combining of peaks for different scales, or the masking of trough between peaks of different scales in the scalogram. Ecologists should combine all the information in scalogram and isograms of wavelet coefficient and wavelet power spectrum from different wavelets, which can provide us a broader view and precise pattern information.     

中沙、西沙群岛微型腹足类、双壳类表层沉积组合与环境意义

中沙、西沙群岛海底２１个表层沉积样中发现微型腹足类１７６种,微型双壳类４８种,形成３组合类型：水深０－６０ｍ为Ｔｒｉｃｏｌｉａ（Ｈｉｌｏａ）ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ－Ｃａｄｅｌｌａ ｓｅｍｉｔｏｒｔａ组合,水深６０－１２０ｍ为Ｃｅｒｉｔｈｉｏｐｓｉｓ－Ｒｉｎｇｉｃｕｌａ－Ｖａｒｉｃｏｒｂｕｌａ组合,水深大于８００ｍ为Ａｎａｔｏｍｉａ－Ｇａｓｔｒｏｃｈａｅｎａ组合。腹足类、双壳类沉积组合包括原地理藏和异     

Characters of Leaf Epidermis and Their Systematic Significance in Menispermaceae

The epidermal characters of mature leaves of 29 genera, 50 species and 3 varieties (totally 56 samples) representing all the 5 tribes in the family Menispermaceae were examined under the light microscope. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The shape of the epidermal cells is polygonal or irregular, and the anticlinal walls are straight or waved in the family. In some genera a special arrangement of epidermal cells is named as “rosette-cell arrangement" for the first time. The lower epidermal cells were found to have a papilla in Stephania, Diploclisia and Legnephora . (2) In some genera, the anticlinal walls are oblique, rather than perpendicular, to the surface. (3) The stomatal apparatuses, generally restricted to the lower surface of the leaves, were assigned to anomocytic, staurocytic, cyclocytic, anisocytic and actinocytic types, and their distribution on the epidermis may be of diffuse pattern or island congregating pattern. (4) The cells of both upper and lower epidermis in the tribe Pachygoneae and Fibraureae are generally polygonal with straight or arched anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are usually staurocytic and actinocytic. The cyclocytic stomatal apparatus was found only in two genera of the tribe Pachygoneae. By contrast, the epidermal cells of the tribes Anomospermeae, Tinosporeae and Menispermeae are generally irregular with waved anticlinal walls, and the stomatal apparatuses are predominantly anomocytic. These correlated characters are of much significance in delimiting tribes within the Menispermaceae, and also provide evidence for studies on systematic relationships of several genera.     

舞草侧生小叶旋转的生态意义感性运动还是防御行为?

舞草复叶的运动兼具昼夜节律性和次昼夜节律性(周期<24 h),两者运动机制显著不同.舞草侧生小叶叶枕运动细胞呈环状排列,协调可逆的体积变化形成侧生小叶的旋转运动.侧生小叶叶枕可对多种环境因子进行响应,但生态功能不明.对舞草侧生小叶叶枕解剖学、电生理学、细胞生物学等研究进行整合,结合最新的植物行为学、动物行为学及生物力学...     

Chemical constituents of Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G. Don (Solanaceae)

The study of the whole plants of Physochlaina physaloides (L.) G. Don. has led to the isolation of eight alkaloids (1–6, 18, and 25), fourteen flavonoids (9, 11–17, and 19–24), two coumarins (7 and 10), one iridoid (8). The structures of these compounds were identified spectroscopically, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data were compared with previously reported data. This is the first study to describe the isolation and identification of compounds 1–3, 7, and 10–25 in P. physaloides. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds in the genus Physochlaina and its closely related genera was discussed.     

Chemical constituents of sponge Pseudoceratina sp. and their chemotaxonomic significance

The chemical investigation of Pseudoceratina sp. led to the isolation of six compounds including tyrosine brominated isoxazoline alkaloids (1 and 2), polyketide (3), and 5α,8α-epidioxysterols (4–6). The structures of these compounds were identified by comparison of NMR and MS spectroscopic data with those previously reported. Compounds 3–6 were isolated for the first time from sponges of the genus Pseudoceratina. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was discussed.