两种高危型HPV检测技术诊断宫颈病变的临床价值比较

目的:比较酶切信号放大法(Cervista)与导流杂交基因芯片技术(Hybri Ma)检测高危型人乳头状瘤病毒(HR-HPV)诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的临床价值。方法:随机选择288例2012年3月至2013年1月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第一医院妇科门诊进行新柏氏液基细胞学检查的年龄在20~65岁的宫颈细胞学检测未明确意义的不典型鳞状细胞(ASCUS)的患者,采用Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术进行高危型HPV检测,并对入组的患者行阴道镜下宫颈活组织检查。以病理学诊断结果为金标准,比较Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断宫颈上皮内瘤变2级或2级以上(CIN2+)的敏感度、特异度及ROC曲线。结果:在入组的288例患者中,Cervista技术和Hybri Ma技术检出高危型HPV的阳性率分别为49.31%和51.39%(P0.05),其诊断CIN2+的敏感度分别为95.65%和91.30%(P0.05),特异度分别为59.50%和56.20%(P0.05),阳性预计值分别为30.99%和28.38%(P0.05),阴性预计值分别为98.63%和97.14%(P0.05)。两组ROC曲线下面积分别为0.776和0.738(P0.05)。结论:Cervista技术与Hybri Ma技术诊断CIN2+的临床价值相当。     

全数字化X线摄影联合MR 动态增强检查诊断早期乳腺癌的 临床价值研究

摘要目的：分析早期乳腺癌的全数字X 线摄影与MRI影像学表现,评价全数字X 线摄影联合MRI 检查在早期乳腺癌诊断中的 临床价值。方法：回顾性分析2009 年10 月至2012 年5月在我院经穿刺或手术病理证实为早期乳腺癌的42例患者的临床资料, 术前均行数字X线及动态增强MR 检查,比较两种方法单独使用和联合使用的诊断乳腺癌的准确率。结果：全数字化X 线摄片 诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为69.0%(29/42),动态增强MR 检查为95.2%(40/42),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两者联合使 用诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为97.6%(41/42)。结论：动态增强MR 检查对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值明显优于全数字X线摄影,但后 者对微小钙化显示较好,两者联合可提高诊断正确率,尤其对多腺体型和致密型乳腺的早期乳腺癌的检出具有重要的价值。     

Statistical Ritual Versus Knowledge Accrual in Wildlife Science

Abstract: I hypothesized that statistical ritual has supplanted knowledge accrual as the sine qua non of wildlife science. Under the hypothesis, I deduced occurrence of 1) significance testing of the obvious and inconsequential, 2) quantitative debasement of research problems, and 3) publication of papers that largely lacked information but were methodologically impeccable. Articles in past and recent wildlife literature fit the deductions and supported the hypothesis. Thus, wildlife science is operating inefficiently because quantitative formalities are supplanting ecological information in technical articles. This problem can be corrected by a change of mindset in authors, referees, and editors. The change entails less emphasis on quantitative ritual and more emphasis on information that aids in understanding and explaining nature and managing wildlife.     

Island-sharing by archipelago species

Summary Diamond (1975) formulated assembly rules for avian species on islands in an archipelago, which made a successful colonisation depend essentially on which other species were present. Critically examining these rules, Connor and Simberloff (1979) maintained that, in the Vanuatu (New Hebrides) archipelago, the field data on species distribution was quite compatible with a null hypothesis, in which species colonise at random with no species interaction. Their work was in turn criticised (Diamond and Gilpin (1982), Gilpin and Diamond (1982)) and a vigorous controversy has ensued.Here we contribute a method in which a simple but hitherto neglected statistic is used as a probe: the number of islands shared by a pair of species, with its first and second moments. The matrix of these sharing values is given as a simple product of the incidence matrix, and its properties are examined — first, for the field data, and then in the random ensemble used by Connor and Simberloff (1979). It is shown that their constraints hold constant the mean number shared, so that any fall in the number that one pair of species share, due to their excluding each other, must imply a rise in the number shared by some other species pair-i.e., an aggregation.Turning to the second moment of the numbers shared, it is shown that its value in the Vanuatu field data exceeds the largest value to be found in a sample of 1000 matrices, these latter being constructed so that they obey the Connor and Simberloff constraints but are otherwise random. This indicates that exclusion and/or aggregation effects are present in the actual distribution of species, which are not catered for by the null hypothesis.The observed distribution thus emerges as much more exceptional than found by Connor and Simberloff (1979), and even by Diamond and Gilpin (1982), when examining the same ensemble. The reason for this disagreement are sought, and some cautions are offered, supported by numerical evidence, concerning the use of the chi-square test when the data points involved are mutually dependent.     

The continuing misuse of null hypothesis significance testing in biological anthropology

There is over 60 years of discussion in the statistical literature concerning the misuse and limitations of null hypothesis significance tests (NHST). Based on the prevalence of NHST in biological anthropology research, it appears that the discipline generally is unaware of these concerns. The p values used in NHST usually are interpreted incorrectly. A p value indicates the probability of the data given the null hypothesis. It should not be interpreted as the probability that the null hypothesis is true or as evidence for or against any specific alternative to the null hypothesis. P values are a function of both the sample size and the effect size, and therefore do not indicate whether the effect observed in the study is important, large, or small. P values have poor replicability in repeated experiments. The distribution of p values is continuous and varies from 0 to 1.0. The use of a cut‐off, generally p ≤ 0.05, to separate significant from nonsignificant results, is an arbitrary dichotomization of continuous variation. In 2016, the American Statistical Association issued a statement of principles regarding the misinterpretation of NHST, the first time it has done so regarding a specific statistical procedure in its 180‐year history. Effect sizes and confidence intervals, which can be calculated for any data used to calculate p values, provide more and better information about tested hypotheses than p values and NHST.     

Population dynamics and functional roles of Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) in hardwood forest and agricultural ecosystems

Population dynamics of enchytraeids are described for 2 montane forested watersheds in southwestern North Carolina (Coweeta) and an agricultural site under conventional (CT) and no-tillage (NT) management in the northeastern Georgia piedmont (Horseshoe Bend, HSB). Given that much of the taxonomy, ecology and community structure of enchytraeids is poorly known, our objective was to identify key indicators of enchytraeid community structure which could be used, in this case, to better understand their role in soil structure formation. Although population densities of enchytraeids were higher in the forested (Coweeta) than in the arable soils (HSB), the average ash free dry weight per enchytraeid at HSB was nearly double that found at Coweeta. Based on these measurements and an estimate of their gut transit time, we calculated that the enchytraeids at HSB transported 2180 g of soil per m² per year compared to 443 and 393 g m^-2 yr^-1 for watershed 18 and 27, respectively at Coweeta. We therefore hypothesize that enchytraeids have a larger influence on soil structure in agricultural fields than in forested areas, in spite of lower population densities. The ash free dry weight and ash wt. per enchytraeid may qualify as key indicator parameters of enchytraeid community structure which helps to understand their functional role in ecosystems, though more studies are called for.     

Naturally occurring seco-ring-A-triterpenoids and their possible biological significance

The literature appearing up to mid 1984 on the isolation and identification of naturally occurring seco-ring-A triterpenoids is reviewed. The distribution of these triterpenoids in the plant kingdom is discussed. Their biological action is considered in relation to plant protection. It is concluded that ring-A fission is a general process in the oxidative degradation of tetra- and pentacyclic triternoids.     

Functional significance of amylase polymorphism in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Ontogeny of amylase and some α-glucosidases

Changes in amylase (E.C. 3.2.1.1), maltase (E.C. 3.2.1.20), sucrase, and PNPGase activities in relation to changes in wet weight and protein content were studied during the development of larvae and adult flies from two strains of Drosophila melanogaster, homozygous for different amylase alleles. All -glucosidase activities increase exponentially during a large part of larval development, parallel to the increase in weight, and drop at the end of the third instar. Amylase activity of the Amy ¹ strain follows the same pattern. In contrast, amylase activity of the Amy ^4,6 strain continues its exponential increase longer. In the third larval instar amylase activity in the Amy ^4,6 strain becomes much higher than in the Amy ¹ strain. During the first hours of adult life amylase activity of the two strains does not differ. Then Amy ^4,6 activity starts to rise and becomes much higher (4–5 times) than Amy ¹ amylase activity, which remains approximately constant. All adult enzyme activities are much higher than in larvae. Comparison of enzyme activity of amylase and -glucosidases in larvae and adults confirms that differences in amylase activities can become important only when starch is a limiting factor in the food.The investigations were supported by the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Research (BION), which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z.W.O.).     

Leucocyanidin: Synthesis and properties of (2R,3S,4R)-(+)-3,4,5,7,3′,4′-hexahydroxyflavan

An isomer of leucocyanidin, (2R,3S,4R)-(+)-3,4,5,7,3′,4′-hexahydroxyflavan has been synthesized from (+)-taxifolin, isolated in its phe     

The phytochemistry of proanthocyanidin polymers

The structures of 38 proanthocyanidin polymers (condensed tannins) from 14 widely distributed families of plants are described. The polymers have been isolated from a wide variety of tissues including fruit (ripe and unripe), leaves, bark and phloem. They are all based on a common 4-8 (or 6) linked polyflavan-3-ol structure, analogous to B-type proanthocyanidin dimers.