Design,Synthesis, and Fungicidal Activities of Indole-Modified Cinnamamide Derivatives

Dimethomorph is a kind of cinnamamide fungicide with high fungicidal activities for oomycete diseases. The commercially available dimethomorph is a mixture of two isomers, in which (Z)-dimethomorph possessing higher activity and (E)-dimethomorph possessing lower activity. Herein, we reported the design, synthesis and fungicidal activities of a series of novel indole-modified cinnamamide derivatives, which used the indole group to ‘fix’ the cis-styrene group in (Z)-dimethomorph. The modification of the molecular structure of cinnamamide compounds could be beneficial to improve its practical application performance. Tested the fungicidal activities, it was found that compounds 8j , 9a , 9e , 9i and 9j showed excellent in vivo fungicidal activities (80–100 %) against Pseudoperonospora cubensis at a concentration of 100 mg L⁻¹, while dimethomorph and flumorph were noneffective. Moreover, parts of synthesized indole-modified cinnamamide derivatives 8 ( 8a , 8c , 8d and 8j ) and 9 ( 9c and 9j ) exhibited the same in vivo fungicidal activities against Phytophthora infestans with dimethomorph or flumorph at a concentration of 50 mg L⁻¹ with 100 % inhibition. The biological assay results indicated that indole-modified cinnamamide derivatives have promising applications in the prevention and treatment of Phytophthora infestans.     

Phenolic Compounds from the Fruits of Prunus davidiana (Rosaceae) and Their Antioxidant Activities

This research was supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ014204032019) and the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1A6A3A01100042).     

Comprehensive Phytochemical Content by LC/MS/MS and Anticholinergic,Antiglaucoma, Antiepilepsy,and Antioxidant Activity of Apilarnil (Drone Larvae)

Apilarnil is 3–7 days old drone larvae. It is an organic bee product known to be rich in protein. In this study, the biological activities of Apilarnil were determined by its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition effects. Antioxidant activities were determined by Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺-TPTZ ((2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine), reducing ability and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH⋅) scavenging assays. Also, its enzyme inhibition effects were tested against carbonic anhydrase I and II isoenzymes (hCA I, hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Antioxidant activity of Apilarnil was generally lower than the standard molecules in the applied methods. In DPPH⋅ radical scavenging assay, Apilarnil exhibited higher radical scavenging than some standards. Enzyme inhibition results towards hCA I (IC₅₀: 14.2 μg/mL), hCA II: (IC₅₀: 11.5 μg/mL), AChE (IC₅₀: 22.1 μg/mL), BChE (IC₅₀: 16.1 μg/mL) were calculated. In addition, the quantity of 53 different phytochemical compounds of Apilarnil was determined by a validated method by LC/MS/MS. Compounds with the highest concentrations (mg analyte/g dry extract) were determined as quinic acid (1091.045), fumaric acid (48.714), aconitic acid (47.218), kaempferol (39.946), and quercetin (27.508). As a result, it was determined that Apilarnil had effective antioxidant profile when compared to standard antioxidants.     

Squash beetle trenching behaviour: avoidance of cucurbitacin induction or mucilaginous plant sap?

Abstract.

• 1 Foraging patterns of the squash beetle, Epilachna borealis Fabricius (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in field cages are not consistent with the hypothesis that this beetle avoids leaves in which its feeding damage has caused the induction of cucurbitacins.
• 2 E.borealis feeding does not induce accumulation of cucurbitacins inside or outside of feeding trenches.
• 3 Cucurbitacins do not reduce the survival or growth rate of E. borealis larvae.
• 4 High concentrations of cucurbitacins fail to deter E.borealis feeding; rather, cucurbitacins are feeding stimulants for squash beetles.
• 5 Trenching behaviour in E.borealis is facultative and correlates with leaf turgor and the degree to which sticky phloem sap oozes from damaged leaves.
• 6 Mucilaginous phloem sap in many curcurbit species inhibits feeding by E.borealis when it is applied to beetle mouthparts.

     

玫烟色拟青霉适温性及抗多菌灵特性的种内变异

在15 ℃～35 ℃的温度范围内比较测定了玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) 6株野生菌的菌落生长、产孢量及孢子活力.结果显示,3个指标均以25 ℃左右最好,但同一温度下菌株间或同一菌株在不同温度下的差异显著, 菌株Pfr116和Pfr6206具有相对稳定优良的生长、产孢及活孢率性状.对不同浓度多菌灵对6株野生菌的菌落生长和单孢菌落形成的影响测定表明,菌株间存在较大差异.不同多菌灵浓度对单孢菌落形成的抑制率观察值可用逻辑斯蒂模型较好地拟合(r²≥0.90).用所获参数估计的最低禁菌浓度MIC值显示,Pfr4205和Pfr116对多菌灵表现为低抗性（MIC≤20.0 μg·ml^-1）;Pfr153、Pfr612和Pfr2175属于低水平中抗,MIC值仅略大于20 μg·ml^-1;而Pfr6206的MIC值高达93.5 μg·ml^-1,接近MIC>100 μg·ml^-1的高抗标准.因此,Pfr6206为适温性和抗多菌灵特性俱佳的菌株,可作为抗多菌灵和适应不同季节或地区的害虫生防菌剂的候选菌株.     

杀菌剂对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞系和幼虫的生物活性

以MTT法筛选了19种杀菌剂对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura SL细胞的毒杀活性,并以该方法研究了三唑类杀菌剂对SL细胞的毒力。结果表明: 福美双、烯唑醇、己唑醇、氟硅唑、苯霜灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和腈菌唑等杀菌剂对SL细胞具有优异的毒杀活性。三唑类杀菌剂腈菌唑、烯唑醇、己唑醇和戊唑醇处理SL细胞48 h后,LC₅₀值分别为21.94 μg/mL、 23.80 μg/mL、 33.16 μg/mL和47.63 μg/mL。以考马斯亮蓝G₂₅₀法研究了腈菌唑对SL细胞中蛋白质含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率的影响, 20 μg/mL腈菌唑处理12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h后,SL细胞中蛋白质含量分别降低8.55%、25.95%、42.95%和67.05%;处理24 h和48 h后,SL细胞的LDH漏出率分别为30.66%和32.05%。以浸叶喂食法处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,三唑类杀菌剂可显著抑制试虫体重增长。以0.5 μg/头、 1.0 μg/头和2.0 μg/头剂量的腈菌唑注射处理72 h后,斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫血细胞数量分别降低12.31%、 25.96%和25.73%;腈菌唑注射处理48 h和72 h后,对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的LD₅₀值分别为1.59 μg/头和1.53 μg/头。结果显示以离体培养细胞为对象,从现有杀菌剂中寻找新的杀虫剂先导化合物具有良好的研究潜力。     

孜然种子提取物枯茗醛和枯茗酸抑菌作用研究

以番茄早疫病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、烟草赤星病菌、小麦全蚀病菌、油菜菌核病菌、辣椒疫霉病菌、水稻纹枯病菌、小麦白粉病菌和番茄灰霉病菌等为供试菌种,采用离体与活体相结合的方法系统地测定了枯茗醛和枯茗酸的抑菌活性。离体抑菌活性测定结果表明,枯茗醛和枯茗酸对多种病原菌具有一定的抑制效果,其中对油菜菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果高于其它供试病原菌,有效中浓(EC50)分别为2.1和7.3 mg/L;枯茗醛和枯茗酸对小麦白粉病的防治实验结果表明,供试浓度为1000 mg/L时,两种药剂的保护防效均高于50%;相同处理浓度下,枯茗酸对油菜菌核病的保护防效与速克灵处理相当,达到57.52%。     

三种草坪草的种带与土传真菌及杀菌剂拌种的防效

以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)等3种9个草坪草品种为材料,在实验室、温室和田间开展了系列研究.实验室结果表明高羊茅Barlexas品种和草地早熟禾的3个品种,在滤纸苗床发芽率显著高于同样条件下田间土床上的发芽率(P＜0.05).对种带和土传真菌的分离表明,自种子上仅分离获得4种常见种带真菌,而经在田间土壤培养后,分离获得14种真菌,包括早熟禾德氏霉(Drechslera poae)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和数种镰刀菌(Fusarium spp.)等.以福美双、甲基硫菌灵和三唑酮对参试品种单独拌种进行温室盆栽试验,播后13～16d,福美双显著提高了多年生黑麦草品种Premier和草地早熟禾品种Platini的出苗率,增幅最高分别为80.6%和45.2%.与对照比,三唑酮拌种显著提高了高羊茅3个品种的出苗率,增幅最高的是Barlexas品种,可达166.7%.福美双、甲基硫菌灵或三唑酮均可提高多年生黑麦草Taya每盆根和茎干重,与对照比,每盆茎干重分别增加47.2%、29.5%和34.7%,福美双和甲基硫菌灵使其根干重分别增加67.7%和97.1%.福美双和三唑酮显著提高了多年生黑麦草Gator Ⅱ每盆茎干重,增幅分别为32.1%和29.6%.甲基硫菌灵拌种使草地早熟禾Platini品种的根与茎干重分别增加230%和100%,参试品种每株幼苗根与茎干重对杀菌剂拌种的反应与每盆重量相似.田间试验结果表明杀菌剂拌种不同程度地提高了草坪草出苗率和田间生物量.经相关与回归分析,参试草坪草在田间与温室盆栽条件下的生物量存在显著的正相关,二者根和茎的相关系数分别为0.81和0.82,回归方程式分别为Y1=13.178+3.5911X1和Y2=0.11803+3.6845X2表示.     

黑杨水培中营养液抑菌处理研究

水培条件下进行快速繁殖是大量生产黑杨种苗的途径之一 ,营养液的抑菌处理是水培的一个重要方面。该研究进行了二硫氰甲烷、中生菌素、敌磺钠、链霉素、青霉素等五种杀细菌剂和多菌灵、福美双、三唑酮等三种杀真菌剂的抑菌试验 ,结果表明 ,杀细菌剂对微生物生长的抑制率要高于杀真菌剂 ,二硫氰甲烷和中生菌素能较好地抑制营养液中微生物的生长 ,浓度分别为 2 0mg/L和 1 5mg/L时 ,抑制率分别为 75 .60 %和78 94%。杀真菌剂和杀细菌剂复配对营养液中微生物生长的抑制表现出较好的加和作用 ,其中以中生菌素(1 5mg/L)与福美双 (5mg/L)复配的效果最好 ,抑制率为 87.48%。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">In vitro</Emphasis> collecting (IVC). I. The effect of collecting method and antimicrobial agents on contamination in temperate and tropical collections

Summary In vitro collecting is the process of initiating tissue cultures in the field. In order for in vitro collecting to be broadly available as a technique for collecting plant germplasm, the levels of contamination in such cultures must be controlled. Two techniques for in vitro collecting were compared: leaf punch and needle collecting. The effectiveness of these methods for collecting leaf and stem tissues from plants at tropical and temperature sites was compared. Stem tissue collected by the needle collecting method gave cultures with an average contamination percentage of 31% and 16%, from the tropical and temperate sites, respectively, while with the leaf punch method, average contamination percentages were 90% and 69%. The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents in reducing contamination in leaf punch cultures was evaluated. Addition of the fungicide benlate and the antibiotics cefotaxime and vancomycin, to the leaf punch collections reduced contamination to an average of 30% in the tropical collections and 35% in the temperate collections. Over 90% of both tropical and temperature species collected in multiple samples of 10 or more had at least one clean sample using this medium. The use of either the leaf punch method in combination with a fungicide and antibiotics or the needle collecting technique yielded a high percentage of clean tissues for study and growth.