Sex and side differences and correlations between quantitative palmar characteristics in a sample Sardinian population

Differences between the sexes and between the sides and the correlations between four quantitative characteristics of palmar dermatoglyphics in a sample population of 809 individuals (418 males and 391 females) from the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, are tested. Males have a greater number of ridges than females, shown by a greater a-b ridge count and A-d ridge count, and a more transverse slope of the main lines, shown by a greater main line index and papillary number. The left palm shows a greater number of ridges than the right palm between the A line and the triradius d and between the triradii a and b, with a lower main line index and papillary number. The a-b ridge count has a negative correlation with the main line index and with the papillary number and a positive one with the A-d ridge count; these correlations are greater in the left palms, especially in the males.     

Site Variation in Littoral Periphyton Populations: Correlation and Regression with Environmental Factors

Over a six month period, littoral periphyton communities on vertically oriented glass slides were quantitatively sampled from four stations in Elk Lake, British Columbia. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to assess the temporal interrelationships between 15 environmental variables, concurrently measured, and the periphyton populations, expressed as total cell counts and species diversity, for the complete data set of each station. At all stations there was a statistically significant increase in total cell populations with increasing length of slide exposure; positive correlations also occurred with pH, temperature, nitrite, nitrate and copper, while negative ones occurred with oxygen, orthophosphate and hardness (magnesium and total). At all but one station there was a significant decrease in species diversity with increasing slide exposure duration, a decrease attributed to the simultaneous increase in standing crop resulting in intensified competition for diminishing substrate area suitable for cell colonization. Multiple stepwise regression analyses demonstrated that greater than 80% of the variation in periphyton total cells at all four stations could be reliably predicted or described in terms of length of slide exposure, phosphate (ortho and total), and hardness (calcium and total). On the other hand, exposure duration and total cell populations were the most important variables associated with changes in species diversity at three of the four stations. In general, correlations and regressions between standing crop and environmental variables were more statistically reliable and consistent between stations than comparable analyses with species diversity. Use of multiple regression and correlation disclosed the importance of small, non statistically significant variation in ecologically relevant variables and permitted objective comparison of stations.     

喀斯特洞穴小型土壤节肢动物多样性

研究洞穴土壤节肢动物,有助于了解土壤节肢动物对特殊环境的响应,对于深入认识喀斯特生态过程具有重要意义。以喀斯特洞穴生态系统小型土壤节肢动物为研究对象,采用主成分分析、重复测量方差分析、相关性分析和冗余分析等方法探讨了小型土壤节肢动物与环境因子的相互作用关系。调查共获得小型土壤节肢动物2399个,隶属7纲15目121科。其中,自然林优势类群为等节跳科(Isotomidae),洞穴优势类群为奥甲螨科(Oppiidae)。PCA分析显示,洞穴与自然林小型土壤节肢动物群落组成差异明显。洞穴小型土壤节肢动物类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)显著低于自然林(P<0.05),自然林小型土壤节肢动物类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)季节差异显著(P<0.05),洞穴类群数、密度和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)季节差异不明显。相关性分析结果表明,小型土壤节肢动物类群数和Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)与pH值、全磷和光照强度显著相关(P<0.05),密度与pH值、全磷、有机质和光照强度显著相关(P<0.05)。RDA分析表...     

煤炭企业循环经济综合评价指标体系构建及评价——以西山公司为例

发展循环经济是构建和谐矿区,实现矿区可持续发展的必然选择,建立循环经济评价指标体系是评判循环经济发展质量的主要依据.依据西山公司企业循环经济发展水平评价指标体系构建的4个基本原则,构建了一套西山公司循环经济发展水平的评价指标体系,该指标体系由目标层、准则层、指标层3个等级,管理、环境、经济3个系统共25个具体指标组成,并提出了西山公司循环经济发展水平的评价模型.     

匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓小尺度克隆结构

采用ISSR分子标记技术比较分析了3个斑块匍匐茎草本植物蛇莓的遗传多样性、克隆多样性和克隆结构,探讨蛇莓克隆结构的形成机制及与环境的相关性.结果表明蛇莓的遗传多样性较低,多态位点百分率P为37.93%, Shannon信息指数I为0.2402, Nei指数h为0.1677;蛇莓的克隆多样性与其它克隆植物较为接近,基因型比率G/N=0.2013,Simpson多样性指数D为0.6396,基因型分布的均匀度E为0.5862;蛇莓的遗传变异大部分存在于斑块间,基因流较小,仅为0.1019.3个斑块蛇莓的遗传多样性以临海斑块(LH)最高(P=10.34%, I =0.0513, h =0.0344),安吉斑块(AJ)次之(P=10.34%, I =0.0443, h =0.027),而天台斑块(TT)最低(P=5.17%, I =0.0325, h =0.0227).基株数目、基因型比率、Simpson多样性指数和基因型分布的均匀度均表明克隆多样性以LH斑块最大(G=12, G/N=0.3077, D=0.8677, E=0.8380),AJ斑块次之(G=9, G/N=0.1800, D=0.5870, E=0.4753),TT斑块最低(G=5, G/N=0.1163, D=0.4642, E=0.4453).3个斑块中均存在优势克隆,但优势克隆的大小在3个斑块中均不相同,以LH斑块最小,AJ斑块次之,TT斑块最大.空间自相关分析显示LH斑块在20 cm和40 cm时存在显著性正相关,其X轴截矩为49.959;AJ斑块仅在20 cm时存在显著性正相关,其X轴截矩为63.333;TT斑块在20 cm、30 cm、40 cm和70 cm时均存在显著性正相关,其X-轴截矩高达90.512.这表明3个不同斑块内蛇莓基因型的空间分布距离不同,TT斑块最大,AJ斑块最小;克隆所能到达的距离也不同,TT斑块最大,LH斑块最小.3个不同斑块蛇莓的遗传多样性、克隆多样性与克隆结构具有明显的差异.蛇莓的遗传多样性与克隆多样性与蛇莓较强的克隆繁殖能力和较低的种子萌发率有关.蛇莓的遗传结构、克隆结构及克隆的空间分布格局与不同斑块所处生境的生态因子及其它因素(如干扰、演替和突变)有关.     

恩诺沙星残留对土壤中反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶基因(nosZ)多样性的影响

为了解恩诺沙星在环境中残留对土壤微生物的影响,通过PCR扩增、基因克隆、RFLP分析法对恩诺沙星影响下的土壤反硝化细菌氧化二氮还原酶nosZ基因的分子多样性进行了研究。结果表明,恩诺沙星作用于土壤后第35天,ⅠⅥ组(Ⅰ组0μg/g、Ⅱ组0.01μg/g、Ⅲ组0.1μg/g、Ⅳ组1μg/g、Ⅴ组10μg/g、Ⅵ组50μg/g)的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:48.30%、41.88%、34.78%、33.62%、25.42%、23.81%;第70天,ⅠⅥ组的OTUs与克隆子的百分比分别为:29.66%、24.24%、18.10%、16.67%、15.83%、14.39%。对照组多样性指数均高于添加药物组,第35天,对照组的M argalef指数与添加药物各组差异均显著(P0.05),第70天,仅与10μg/g和50μg/g两组差异显著;第35天,除了0.01μg/g组,对照组的Shannon-W iener指数与其他添加药物组差异均显著,第70天,仅与50μg/g组差异显著。由此可见,随着药物作用的时间延长,药物含量0.0110μg/g组土壤反硝化细菌的多样性与对照组之间的差异变小。     

Functional and phylogenetic diversity of an agricultural matrix avifauna: The role of habitat heterogeneity in Afrotropical farmland

Varied strategies to alleviate the loss of farmland biodiversity have been tested, yet there is still insufficient evidence supporting their effectiveness, especially when considering phylogenetic and functional diversity alongside traditional taxonomic diversity metrics. This conservation challenge is accentuated in the Afrotropics by the rapid agricultural expansion and intensification for the production of cash crops and by a comparative lack of research. In this study, we assessed how farming practices influence avian phylogenetic and functional diversity. We conducted point‐count surveys to assess avian diversity in monocultures of tea and mixed crop farming systems surrounding the Nyungwe rainforest in south‐west Rwanda, allowing us to investigate the drivers of avian diversity at farm level. Species composition was found to be moderately different between farm types, with mixed crop farms supporting higher phylogenetic diversity than tea plantations. There were no significant seasonal differences in species composition, functional or phylogenetic diversity. Overall, functional diversity did not differ between farm types, but the dispersion of trophic‐related traits was significantly higher in mixed crop farms. Both functional and phylogenetic diversity were influenced by floristic diversity, vegetation height, tree number, and elevation to varying degrees. Our results also (i) highlight the role of farmland heterogeneity (e.g., crop species composition, height, and tree cover extent) in encouraging avian functional and phylogenetic diversity in the Afrotropics and (ii) indicate that the generally negative biodiversity impacts of monoculture agriculture can be partially alleviated by extensive agroforestry with an emphasis on indigenous tree species.     

水土保持林土壤改良效益评价研究

森林效益评价是目前林业研究的热点,也是难点问题,通过评价水土保持林土壤改良效益,对效益评价的方法和思路进行了探索。指出水土保持林土壤改良效益指标体系的总目标层为效益评价综合指数,准则层包括土壤肥力、抗蚀性能和抗冲性能３个方面,指标层由水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量、土壤酶活性、ｐＨ值、平均重量直径、团聚度、分散率、土壤硬度和渗透系数构成。在计算效益评价综合指数时,首先要对各项指标的实测数据进行处理,     

转Bt水稻土壤跳虫群落组成及其数量变化

以转Bt水稻恢复系"克螟稻"(Cry1Ab纯合基因型)和"华恢1号"(Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac融合基因型)以及融合基因型转Bt水稻杂交系"Bt汕忧63",及其对照亲本水稻"秀水11"、"明恢63"和"汕优63"稻田土壤跳虫类群为对象,系统研究转Bt水稻种植下土壤跳虫群落组成及其数量动态变化,以评价不同基因型和不同育种品系转Bt水稻种植下稻田土壤生态安全性。结果表明,转Bt水稻种植导致土壤跳虫个别稀有类群的消失,并显著影响半土生和真土生类群以及土壤跳虫总量,但对群落多样性、均匀度和种类丰富度等影响不显著。与对照亲本相比,Cry1Ab转Bt稻田半土生类群和土壤跳虫总量及其种类丰富度指标显著增加了54.7%、44.4%和26.7%;Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac转Bt杂交稻田球角跳属百分比和真土生跳虫数量显著增加了212.3%和180.4%。就恢复系处理而言,与Cry1Ab转Bt水稻相比,Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac转Bt水稻种植导致棘跳属、球角跳属和原等跳属百分比以及半土生跳虫数量分别显著降低了62.1%、56.7%、61.8%和43.4%,同时,显著提高了裔符跳属百分比达88.2%。就Cry1Ab+Cry1Ac融合基因型转Bt水稻而言,与恢复系相比,转Bt杂交稻种植导致球角跳属和原等跳属百分比,半土生类群和土壤跳虫总量及其种类丰富度和群落多样性显著增加了312.9%和171.6%,302.4%和233.2%,以及54.0%和26.7%,同时,显著降低了裔符跳属百分比达65.5%。     

城市“源-汇”热景观变化及其空间作用强度特征——以深圳西部地区为例

城市热岛作为一种整体涌现性的地球表层系统环境问题受到地理学和景观生态学的广泛关注,基于空间异质性对城市冷热岛影响方面的研究初步揭示了城市热环境的形成机制,然而城市冷热岛在空间上是否存在相互影响及相互作用强度还有待研究。以深圳市西部城市区为例,应用地表温度和景观分类数据,通过构建二维矩阵识别"源-汇"热景观,并采用"源-汇"热贡献指数和空间引力模型等方法定量分析了城市"源-汇"热景观的演变过程,"源-汇"热贡献程度的时空分异特征,以及两者在空间上的整体相互作用强度及演变特征。结果表明：（1）1988-2019年,城市热源、汇在空间上呈现由包围到反包围的变化,热源景观呈现基质化,其面积增长210.45%;热汇景观则表现为破碎化趋势,其面积减少48.07%。与之对应的热汇景观地表温度与区域的平均温度的温差逐渐增大,从1988年的0.49℃上升到2019年的1.91℃。（2）源、汇对热环境的贡献规模呈增长趋势,热源景观的贡献程度会随着热岛规模从零星状向区域化的转变过程中提升,形成温度聚集效果;而热汇景观的贡献程度会随着冷岛规模的破碎化过程中被抑制。（3）1988-2019年"源-汇"热景观的作用对基本保持稳定,但总作用强度发生了显著的变化,30年间增长了8倍。从热汇景观一对多影响热源景观转变为热源景观一对多影响热汇景观,且作用强度也越来越强。研究发现城市热"源-汇"的空间相互作用强度与"源-汇"热景观的贡献程度有密切关联,因此控制热源景观规模和维护热汇景观规模对调控城市热环境,对提升城市居民生活质量有重要意义。