硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响

选用大球盖菇Stropharia rugosoannulata为试验材料,分析在镉胁迫处理下（2mg/L）添加不同浓度硒（0、6、15、20mg/L）对大球盖菇菌丝生长的影响,初步研究了施加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长抑制的缓解效应和作用机制。结果表明：镉对大球盖菇生长速度和生物量具有明显抑制作用,镉造成了大球盖菇渗透调节物质、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量显著增加;添加硒后,镉对大球盖菇菌丝的生长速度、生物量抑制作用均有所改善,且增加了渗透调节物质,促进镉胁迫下大球盖菇渗透调节能力;硒诱导抗氧化酶的活性上调,提高活性氧清除能力,降低了菌丝中丙二醛和过氧化氢的含量,缓解细胞膜过氧化程度,增强了大球盖菇对镉的耐受性。本研究重点探讨外源添加硒对镉胁迫下大球盖菇菌丝生长、生理特性及抗氧化胁迫能力的影响,为进一步研究硒在食用菌抗镉栽培中的应用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

Phenotypic and genetic correlations of pork myoglobin content with meat colour and other traits in an eight breed-crossed heterogeneous population

Meat colour is one of the most important meat quality traits affecting consumption desire. Genetic improvement for meat colour traits is not so easy because pigs can be phenotyped only after slaughter. Besides the parameters from the optical instrument, other indexes that reflect the material basis of meat colour should be measured accurately and used in the genomic analysis. Myoglobin (Mb) is the main chemical component determining meat colour. However, to what extent the Mb content contributes to meat colour, and whether it can be used as a trait for pig breeding to improve meat colour, and the correlations of Mb content with complex porcine traits are largely unknown. To address these questions, we measured the muscle Mb content in 624 pigs from the 7th generation of a specially designed eight breed-crossed pig heterogeneous population, evaluated its phenotypic and genetic correlations with longissimus thoracis colour score at 24 h after slaughter. More than that, we also systematically phenotyped more than 100 traits on these animals to evaluate the potential correlations between muscle Mb content and economically important traits. Our results showed that the average muscle Mb content in the 624 pigs was 1.00 mg/g, ranging from 0.51 to 2.17 mg/g. We found that higher Mb content usually correlated with favourable meat colour, higher marbling score, less moisture content, and less drip loss. Genetic correlation analysis between muscle Mb content and 101 traits measured in this study shows that Mb content is also significantly correlated with 31 traits, including marbling, shear force, firmness, and juiciness. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest studies about the correlations of muscle Mb content with as many as 100 various traits in a large-scale genetically diversified population. Our results showed that the Mb content could be a selection parameter for the genetic improvement of meat colour. The selection for higher Mb content will also benefit marbling, shear force, firmness, and overall liking but might not affect the growth, carcass, and fat deposition traits.     

Effects of resource sharing directionality on physiologically integrated clones of the invasive Carpobrotus edulis

资源共享的方向性对入侵植物海榕菜生理整合的影响 与植物克隆生长相关的一个关键性状是生理整合能力,它允许在一个克隆内相连接的分株之间共享资源。资源传输遵循源-汇关系：从生长在资源丰富斑块上的分株到生长在贫瘠斑块上的分株。然而,一些实验结果表明,向顶运输(从后端到前端)通常超过基部运输(从前端到后端)。在本研究中, 我们旨在确定入侵植物海榕菜(Carpobrotus edulis)生理整合模块的资源运输方向。我们开展了两个模拟实 验,研究了在不同位置(后端、中部、前端)的不同营养水平对海榕菜连接和断开克隆系统的影响。比较了分株生物量分配模式和最终生物量,以阐明生理整合的作用是否受资源运输方向性的影响。研究结果表明,海榕菜资源的向顶运输是普遍存在的,其发育分工是后端分株专注于获取土壤资源,前端分株专注于地上生长。虽然在最严酷的生长条件下的前端分株所获得的效益最高,但这种生物量分配模式不受后端或前端分株生长的营养条件的影响。这种发育程序化的分工被认为可以促进海榕菜的横向生长,从而对这种入侵物种的扩展具有重要意义。     

长期饮用富氢水对正常大鼠生理功能的影响

大量动物实验和临床试验显示,氢气可能对疾病的预防或治疗有积极作用。尽管目前氢气的安全性已被广泛认可,但是长期氢气干预是否会对机体的生理功能产生影响还缺乏实验数据支持。为了探究长期饮用富氢水（hydrogen-rich water, HRW）对生理功能的影响,测试了长期饮用富氢水大鼠的体重、脏器重量、饮水进食及排泄量、心脏功能、血常规和血清生化指标。研究发现：富氢水对血常规/空腹血糖/肝功能无显著影响;富氢水能够显著提高大鼠血清甘油三酯水平（P＜0.05）,而胆固醇、胆汁酸和尿酸水平无显著变化;富氢水对大鼠心脏功能无显著影响;富氢水能够显著提高大鼠脑组织重量（P＜0.05）;富氢水对大鼠体重、其他脏器重量、饮食进水量和排泄量无显著影响。对富氢水干预后的长期影响效果的观察具有一定的基础研究价值和临床参考意义。     

青年颈椎生理曲度变直全节段有限元建模与分析

目的建立青年颈椎生理曲度变直和正常的全节段有限元模型,进行对比与分析。方法采集青年颈椎曲度变直志愿者CT数据,利用生物力学有限元软件构建高质量颈椎全节段模型,然后采用基于离散微分属性的体网格变形技术,将变直模型映射生成曲度正常模型,在相同边界条件进行下进行对比分析。结果在前屈、后伸、侧弯、和旋转工况下,生理曲度变直模型的活动度范围比正常值要小,并且出现再分配。在应力分布方面,C3-C4,C4-C5之间的小关节、钩突关节,和C3-C4之间的椎间盘出现应力集中。结论通过使用新型建模软件和体网格变形技术,能方便构建颈椎生理曲度变直和正常模型,分析结果对青年颈椎病的临床诊治有指导意义。     

PGC-1α的功能与代谢病

过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1α(α subunit of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor γ coactivator 1,PGC-1α)是过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ辅助活化因子1 (PGC 1)的成员之一. PGC-1α是与能量代谢 关系密切的1个转录辅助活化因子,在线粒体合成、调节适应性产热、骨骼肌纤维类型转换等过程中发挥重要作用.同时,还 参与到糖代谢、脂代谢中,已成为治疗糖尿病、肥胖等代谢疾病的新靶点.近年来还发现, PGC-1α对治疗癌症发生及神经 变性疾病有一定作用.本文主要从PGC-1α调节适应性产热、促进线粒体合成、在骨骼肌中调节纤维类型转换及葡萄糖代谢 等方面对其生理功能进行阐述,并对 PGC-1α与相关代谢疾病的关系进行了总结.     

Experimental evolution of protozoan traits in response to interspecific competition

Decades of experiments have demonstrated the ecological effect of competition, but experimental evidence for competitive effects on trait evolution is rare. I measured the evolution of six protozoan traits in response to competitors from the inquiline community of pitcher plants. Replicate populations of Colpoda, a ciliated protozoan, were allowed to evolve in response to intra- and interspecific competition for 20 days (approximately 100 generations), before traits were measured in two common garden environments. Populations that evolved with interspecific competition had smaller cell sizes, produced fewer cysts and had higher population growth rates relative to populations grown in monoculture. The presence of interspecific competitors led to differential lineage sorting, most likely by increasing the strength of selection. These results are the first to demonstrate protozoan evolution in response to competition and may have implications for species coexistence in this system.     

A comprehensive phylogeny of Neurospora reveals a link between reproductive mode and molecular evolution in fungi

The filamentous ascomycete genus Neurospora encompasses taxa with a wide range of reproductive modes. Sexual reproduction in this genus can be divided into three major modes; heterothallism (self-incompatibility), homothallism (self-compatibility) and pseudohomothallism (partial self-compatibility). In addition to the sexual pathway, most of the heterothallic taxa propagate with morphologically distinct, vegetative dissemination propagules (macroconidia), while this feature is undetected in the majority of the homothallic taxa. In this study, we used sequence information of seven nuclear gene loci from 43 taxa (295 of the possible 301 locus-by-taxon combinations) to create a phylogeny of Neurospora. The results suggest that transitions in reproductive mode have occurred at multiple times within this group of fungi. Although a homothallic ancestor would imply fewer switches in reproductive mode, we argue that the ancestor of Neurospora was likely heterothallic and that homothallism has evolved independently at least six times in the evolutionary history of the genus. Furthermore, the two pseudohomothallic taxa of Neurospora (N. tetrasperma and N. tetraspora) represent two independent origins of pseudohomothallism. Likelihood ratio tests of substitution rates among branches in the phylogeny indicate that reproductive mode is an important factor driving genome evolution in Neurospora. First, an increased level of non-synonymous/synonymous substitutions in branches delineating homothallic taxa was found, suggesting a reduced efficiency of purifying selection in these taxa. Furthermore, elevated nucleotide substitution rates were found in heterothallic, conidia-producing, lineages as compared to the homothallic non-conidiating lineages. The latter finding is likely due to the presence of conidia, i.e., a higher rate of mitotic divisions inducing mutations, and/or that the homothallic taxa have evolved a lower mutation rate to avoid genomic degeneration.     

Venation networks and the origin of the leaf economics spectrum

The leaf economics spectrum describes biome-invariant scaling functions for leaf functional traits that relate to global primary productivity and nutrient cycling. Here, we develop a comprehensive framework for the origin of this leaf economics spectrum based on venation-mediated economic strategies. We define a standardized set of traits - density, distance and loopiness - that provides a common language for the study of venation. We develop a novel quantitative model that uses these venation traits to model leaf-level physiology, and show that selection to optimize the venation network predicts the mean global trait-trait scaling relationships across 2548 species. Furthermore, using empirical venation data for 25 plant species, we test our model by predicting four key leaf functional traits related to leaf economics: net carbon assimilation rate, life span, leaf mass per area ratio and nitrogen content. Together, these results indicate that selection on venation geometry is a fundamental basis for understanding the diversity of leaf form and function, and the carbon balance of leaves. The model and associated predictions have broad implications for integrating venation network geometry with pattern and process in ecophysiology, ecology and palaeobotany.     

钙对镉胁迫下花生生理特性、产量和品质的影响水

通过盆栽试验,选用高油品种豫花15和高蛋白品种XB023,研究了不同浓度钙对镉胁迫下不同类型花生品种营养生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、保护酶活性等生理特性及产量和品质的影响.结果表明:施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生植株主茎高和侧枝长的抑制作用,增加花生植株干物质量,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,提高叶片超氧化物歧化酶( SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和可溶性蛋白质含量,降低丙二醛(MDA)的积累量,减轻镉胁迫对花生叶片的伤害;施钙可以缓解镉胁迫对花生的减产作用,增加花生荚果和籽仁产量,其增产的主要原因是增加了单株结荚数和出仁率;施钙可以促使籽仁中可溶性糖向粗脂肪和蛋白质转化,增加籽仁中脂肪和蛋白质含量,改善镉胁迫下花生籽仁品质.施钙可以降低两花生品种籽仁中镉含量,对豫花15的降低效果好于XB023.