农地保护的外部效益测算——选择实验法在武汉市的应用

农地保护的外部效益是农地保护补偿政策制定的依据.对外部效益进行了理论界定和实证测算,认为农地保护的外部效益是农村集体和农地使用者以外个体从农地保护中得到的收益,通常是非市场收益,对其测算应区分外部效益的内部(外部效益发出者)和外部(外部效益接受者),并确定外部区域的范围.实证利用选择实验模型对武汉市5个区域进行了支付意愿测算,在内外部划分的基础上估算了武汉市农地保护的外部效益并比较了不同方法下外部效益测算结果的差别.结果表明,武汉市耕地、园地、林地和农村水面的外部效益分别为30773.2,653860.0,119267.0和82472.7元/hm2;用行政区域直接代替外部性影响区域的做法会使耕地外部效益的测算结果偏高,也会造成园地、林地和农村水面测算的误差,为避免这类误差,外部性测算及相关补偿、税费政策应考虑内外部区域的划分.     

植物生长物质在胚培养法挽救陈年小麦种质中的作用

以陈年小麦离体胚为外植体,MS培养基为基本培养基,附加5种植物生长物质2,4-D、NAA、KT、6-BA、GA3进行单因子和正交试验,研究植物生长物质在陈年小麦离体胚萌发中的作用。单因子试验结果表明：单独使用6-BA 1．0mg／L、GA3 2．5mg/L均能在一定程度上促进陈年小麦离体胚出芽和生根,出芽率分别为70．0％和77．5％,比对照分别提高了21．7％和29．2％;生根率分别为63．3％和72．2％,比对照分别提高了21．3％和30．2％。正交试验结果显示GA3对陈年小麦离体胚的萌发影响显著,最佳植物生长物质组合为2,4-D2．0mg／L NAA 1．1mg／L 6-BA0．5mg/L GA3 4．0mg/L,出芽率为82．5％,生根率为60．0％,比对照分别提高了32．5％和17．5％。     

Effects of raised CO2 on potential CH4 production and oxidation in, and CH4 emission from, a boreal mire

1 In a glasshouse experiment we studied the effect of raised CO₂ concentration (720 p.p.m.) on CH₄ emission at natural boreal peat temperatures using intact cores of boreal peat with living vascular plants and Sphagnum mosses. After the end of the growing season half of the cores were kept unnaturally warm (17–20 °C). The potential for CH₄ production and oxidation was measured at the end of the emission experiment.
2 The vascular cores ('Sedge') consisted of a moss layer with sedges, and the moss cores (' Sphagnum ') of Sphagnum mosses (some sedge seedlings were removed by cutting). Methane efflux was 6–12 times higher from the Sedge cores than from the Sphagnum cores. The release of CH ₄ from Sedge cores increased with increasing temperature of the peat and decreased with decreasing temperature. Methane efflux from Sphagnum cores was quite stable independent of the peat temperatures.
3 In both Sedge and Sphagnum samples, CO₂ treatment doubled the potential CH₄ production but had no effect on the potential CH₄ oxidation. A raised concentration of CO₂ increased CH₄ efflux weakly and only at the highest peat temperatures (17–20 °C).
4 The results suggest that in cool regions, such as boreal wetlands, temperature would restrict decomposition of the extra substrates probably derived from enhanced primary production of mire vegetation under raised CO₂ concentrations, and would thus retard any consequent increase in CH₄ emission.     

外源有机酸对小麦幼苗铝毒的缓解作用

用Al(50μmol／L)处理水培小麦(Triticum aestivum L．)幼苗24h,显著抑制Al敏感(Scout 66)和耐Al品种(Atlas 66)小麦幼苗根系伸长,明显增加根系的电解质渗漏率。在Al处理同时外加草酸或柠檬酸能缓解Al对小麦根系伸长的抑制作用,同时降低小麦根系的电解质渗漏率。铬花青R染色和碘化丙锭荧光染料染色实验结果显示,用Al(50μmol／L)处理Al敏感小麦Scout 66幼苗24h后,大量Al结合在根尖表面,并降低根尖表面细胞活力。而Al处理同时外加草酸,则减少Al与根尖表面的结合,缓解Al对细胞活力的抑制。分根结果表明,外源草酸有可能通过根系进入植物体内参与内部解Al毒机制。     

高中生物探究式实验教学设计研究及案例分析

“探究式学习”促使学生的学习方式和教师的教学方式发生深刻的变革.阐述了探究式学习、实验操作技能和探究式实验教学模式这三个概念的内涵.同时,对高中生物一个重要的验证性实验“叶绿体中色素的提取和分离”进行了改进,实施了探究式实验教学设计并进行了教学实践以及分析,旨在探讨如何培养学生的实验操作技能.由此可得出结论:开展探究式实验教学,既能通过规范的实验操作,培养学生的实验操作技能,又能培养学生的综合探究能力并树立实事求是的科学态度;利用随堂式的实验教学评价,能很好发挥探究式学习的成效.     

音乐治疗效应的动物实验研究

近年来国内外关于音乐治疗效应的动物实验研究认为：音乐能影响动物的情绪;音乐还对动物的免疫功能、学习及记忆能力、以及动物的神经系统结构和功能等均有一定影响。该领域的研究有利于深入探索音乐疗法的作用机理。     

遗传学综合实验的教学改革实践

利用果蝇杂交实验,进行了教学改革的尝试。通过教学实践力求将几个独立的果蝇实验集中于一个,以充分利用实验时间,增加内容,改进方法。在改革的尝试中,学生自主设计实验方案,独立完成实验内容,处于主导地位。充分发挥了学生主动性,达到了培养学生独立思考、实际操作及科研素质等综合能力的目的。     

不同氮磷钾施肥方式对水稻碳、氮累积与分配的影响

基于我国南方双季稻区20年长期田间定位施肥试验,研究了不同氮磷钾施肥方式对水稻碳、氮积累与分配的影响.结果表明:偏施氮肥处理水稻籽实的碳、氮含量最高,分别达到433和18.9 g·kg-1.水稻植株的碳、氮储量以氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)及氮磷钾基础上有机物料循环施肥处理(NPKC)最高,其中NPKC和NPK处理籽实碳储量分别为2015和1960kg hm-2,茎叶碳储量分别为2048和2002 kg·hm-2;籽实氮储量分别为80.6和80.5kg·hm-2,茎叶氮储量则以NPK处理最高,为59.3 kg·hm-2.有机无机肥的配合施用显著增加了水稻植株体内碳和氮的累积;与偏施氮肥处理相比,氮磷钾的综合施用更利于水稻生长过程中碳、氮的累积与分配.     

尖吻蝮仔蛇的人工模拟生态养殖试验

目的通过建立一个适应于尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的稳定的多功能生态系统的人工模拟生态养殖蛇场,以最大限度地降低仔蛇的饲料成本,从而达到降低人工养殖尖吻蝮蛇的成本。方法选取一个室外围墙式养蛇场作为试验基地。设计为适应于蛇、蛙、昆虫、蚯蚓、小杂鱼等动物生长繁衍的人工模拟生态环境,建立一个稳定的多功能蛇场生态系统,以尖吻蝮蛇100条,在试验以前随机抽取10条测量其体重和体长,并以活体动物饲料喂养法和科学饲养管理法进行试验养殖,并在进入第一、第二次冬眠前均随机抽取10条蛇仔测其体重和体长。结果本次试验与本蛇场室内人工饲养尖吻蝮仔蛇相比,不仅在体重、体长和肥满度方面均相差不大,而且仔蛇的存活率还有所提高。结论表明该人工模拟生态养殖蛇场能够满足尖吻蝮仔蛇生长发育的需要,达到了预期的目的。     

Predation of zebra mussels by round gobies, Neogobius melanostomus

Preliminary gut analysis of a recent Great Lakes invader, the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus (7.0–8.4 cm), collected from the Detroit River, showed that they ate zebra mussels (58%), snails (6%), and other invertebrates (36%), including aquatic insects (Hexagenia), softshelled crayfish, and zooplankton. Because zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, predominated as prey, we investigated the ability of round gobies to consume different size classes of zebra mussels. In laboratory experiments, we examined feeding preferences of three size classes of round gobies (5.5–6.9 cm; 7.0–8.4 cm; 8.5–10.3 cm standard length) on four different size classes of zebra mussels (6.0–9.9 mm, 10.0–12.9 mm, 13.0–15.9 mm, 16.0–18.9 mm). All sizes of round gobies ate zebra mussels < 10.0 mm. Only the largest size class of round gobies ate larger zebra mussels (10.0–12.9 mm) when all prey sizes were presented. The association between the total mass of zebra mussels available and the amount consumed by round gobies increased positively up to about 6.5 g of available mussels and then levelled off. Round gobies consumed an average of 1.0 g of mussels in 24 h. There was a significant positive relationship between gape size and standard length of round gobies. Although larger round gobies (over the size range of fish in our study) are able to consume larger zebra mussels, small mussels were preferred. Our findings suggest that the preference of small zebra mussels by round gobies has the potential to alter the size structure of zebra mussel populations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.