Women's intercollegiate athletic competition: Cortisol,testosterone, and the dual-hormone hypothesis as it relates to status among teammates

Recent research suggests that testosterone and cortisol jointly regulate dominance motivation and, perhaps, the status relationships that are affected by it. For this article, the results of six different studies of women's intercollegiate athletic competition were combined to give a sample size of almost ninety women for whom we had before- and after-competition values for salivary cortisol and testosterone for at least one and sometimes two competitions. For many of these women, we had surveys that allowed us to assess their status with teammates. In no matter what sport (soccer, softball, volleyball, and tennis) levels of salivary cortisol and testosterone increased when women participated in athletic competition. Salivary levels of C and T appear to rise in parallel during competition and increases in levels of one hormone are significantly related to increases in the other. Salivary levels of these hormones typically decreased for teammates who did not play but watched the competition from the sidelines. For women who played in two competitions, individual differences in the positive effect of competition on cortisol and testosterone were conserved from one competition to the next, affirming the personal consistency of endocrine responses to competition. Status with teammates was positively related to before-competition levels of testosterone, but only for women with relatively low before-competition levels of cortisol. This result provides novel support for the “dual-hormone hypothesis” as it relates to predicting social status in women's athletic teams — natural social groups of individuals who know each other and whose social hierarchy has evolved over the course of practice and play for at least one and, in some cases, several years of intercollegiate athletic competition.     

基于SSU序列的串珠藻目植物系统发育分析

通过18S rDNA基因(SSU)序列,构建了串珠藻目植物的系统发育关系.结果显示:SSU基因序列片段长度为1 871 bp,核苷酸变异位点有709个,占序列长度的38％;其中简约信息位点有169个,占序列长度的9％.用最大似然法、邻接法和贝叶斯法构建的系统树拓扑结构基本一致,都显示红索藻目的2个属独立于串珠藻目成单独分支,支持红索藻目的建立;胶串珠藻独立于其他串珠藻组植物,支持将其单独分组;数据同时支持将扭曲组和杂生组合并,建立Kumanoa属;但多芒组、绿色组、沼生组等因分子序列数据涉及的种类较少,其系统关系的确定还需要更多的证据.     

10种棘豆属植物的trnL-F序列及其分子系统学研究

选择内蒙古27个样地采集的10种棘豆属植物54个单株,提取样品的基因组DNA,对其叶绿体trnL-F序列进行扩增、测序,所得序列利用ClustalX软件进行对位排列,并用MEGA5.0软件采用最大似然法构建系统发育树,以探讨棘豆属的种间关系与系统进化.结果显示:(1)10种棘豆属trnL-F的变异位点54个,信息位点46个,种间碱基差异百分率为1.9％,GC含量变化范围在30.69％～31.50％之间.(2)棘豆属与黄芪属各为一支,自展支持率达99％,支持棘豆属植物为单系起源.(3)系统树中小花棘豆的样本自成一支,为相对独立进化;多叶棘豆、砂珍棘豆和黄毛棘豆的样本相互混杂,表明亲缘关系很近,从而支持《内蒙古植物志》将三者归入真棘豆亚属轮叶棘豆组的观点.(4)刺叶柄棘豆的样本不同样地形成2个分支,对其亚属水平上的分类需进一步探讨.(5)缘毛棘豆与阴山棘豆的样本聚成一支,支持将二者归入矮生棘豆组.研究表明,trnL-F序列可为棘豆属下种间系统发育关系研究提供分子证据.     

上海市患儿家长健康教育需求及现状调查

??????? 目的 了解上海市患儿家长对健康教育知识和方式的需求情况,提出做好患儿家长健康教育的方法和途径。方法 在文献检索和专家咨询的基础上,采用自行设计的调查问卷对200名门诊患儿家长和300名住院患儿家长进行调查,并对调查结果进行统计分析。结果 患儿家长对健康教育知识的需求广泛,教育方式的需求多样,对目前开展的健康教育,住院患儿家长的满意度要好于门诊患儿家长,但仍存在一定的不足。 结论 通过满足患儿家长对健康知识的需求、丰富健康教育的形式、加强医护人员人文教育等途径来做好患儿家长的健康教育。     

水稻二化螟内共生菌杀雄菌属和沃尔巴克氏体的检测与分析

应用杀雄菌属(Arsenophonus)23S rDNA基因和沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia) wsp基因的特异引物,通过PCR扩增的方法对我国20个水稻二化螟地理种群感染两类内共生菌的情况进行了检测.结果表明: 我国水稻二化螟不同地理种群的Arsenophonus和Wolbachia感染率不一致,哈尔滨、惠水、吉林、南阳和扬州5个地理种群的Arsenophonus感染率为5.0%～50.0%;汉中、南宁和扬州3个地理种群的Wolbachia感染率为25.0%～40.0%,其他地理种群中没有检测到这两种共生菌的存在.水稻二化螟不同地理种群感染的Arsenophonus 23S rDNA基因序列完全一致,将该基因株型命名为csArs.但所检测到的Wolbachia wsp基因序列不一致,分别为wChisup1、wChisup5和wChisup6,其中wChisup1属于A群,其他属于B群.这说明水稻二化螟感染的Arsenophonus为同一株型,而感染的Wolbachia株型较为复杂.通过构建系统发育树发现,水稻二化螟体内的Arsenophonus23S rDNA基因和Wolbachia wsp基因与其他物种体内相关序列完全一致或高度相似.     

基于叶绿体DNA atpB-rbcL区序列探讨石蒜属种间系统发育关系

摘要：为了探讨石蒜属（Lycoris Herb.）的种间系统发育关系,对石蒜属95个材料包括15种、4变种及2个人工杂种的叶绿体 DNA atpB-rbcL间隔区进行了测序,结合花部形态和核型特征,探讨了石蒜属种间系统关系及其可能的杂交起源,结果表明：在系统发育树上亲缘关系近的材料聚在一起,其中矮小石蒜（L. radiata var. pumila）和换锦花（L. sprengeri）与2个人工杂交种（Hybrid 1、Hybrid 2）、麦秆石蒜（L. straminea）、江苏石蒜（L. houdyshelii）、短蕊石蒜（L. caldwellii）和乳白石蒜（L. albiflora）具有密切的亲缘关系。atpB-rbcL序列揭示的石蒜属种间关系与染色体核型的分类结果部分一致,主要表现在具有近端部着丝粒(A)染色体的种与具有中部(M)和端部(T)着丝粒染色体的种各成一支,与形态和染色体分类结果一致;不同之处在于具有中部、端部和近端部着丝粒染色体的种分散在两个主要分支内,进一步验证了具有中部、端部和近端部3种着丝粒类型染色体组的石蒜如麦秆石蒜、江苏石蒜、短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜等是杂交起源的假设,结合2个人工杂交种分析,揭示了短蕊石蒜和乳白石蒜的近端部着丝粒染色体来源于换锦花;麦秆石蒜和江苏石蒜近端部着丝粒染色体来源于矮小石蒜。     

从微生物指标中看我国肉类食品安全问题及解决措施

本研究从食品微生物指标人手,对我国肉类食品的微生物指标检测情况及其产品质量进行分析,在相关政府部门的有力的监管下,肉类产品质量与安全有了较大幅度提高.最后分析了我国肉类食品行业的现存问题,并提出改进的建议,最后对其发展进行展望.     

Phylogenetic plant community structure along elevation is lineage specific

The trend of closely related taxa to retain similar environmental preferences mediated by inherited traits suggests that several patterns observed at the community scale originate from longer evolutionary processes. While the effects of phylogenetic relatedness have been previously studied within a single genus or family, lineage‐specific effects on the ecological processes governing community assembly have rarely been studied for entire communities or flora. Here, we measured how community phylogenetic structure varies across a wide elevation gradient for plant lineages represented by 35 families, using a co‐occurrence index and net relatedness index (NRI). We propose a framework that analyses each lineage separately and reveals the trend of ecological assembly at tree nodes. We found prevailing phylogenetic clustering for more ancient nodes and overdispersion in more recent tree nodes. Closely related species may thus rapidly evolve new environmental tolerances to radiate into distinct communities, while older lineages likely retain inherent environmental tolerances to occupy communities in similar environments, either through efficient dispersal mechanisms or the exclusion of older lineages with more divergent environmental tolerances. Our study illustrates the importance of disentangling the patterns of community assembly among lineages to better interpret the ecological role of traits. It also sheds light on studies reporting absence of phylogenetic signal, and opens new perspectives on the analysis of niche and trait conservatism across lineages.     

Phylogenetic beta diversity in bacterial assemblages across ecosystems: deterministic versus stochastic processes

Increasing evidence has emerged for non-random spatial distributions of microbes, but knowledge of the processes that cause variation in microbial assemblage among ecosystems is lacking. For instance, some studies showed that deterministic processes such as habitat specialization are important, while other studies hold that bacterial communities are assembled by stochastic forces. Here we examine the relative influence of deterministic and stochastic processes for bacterial communities from subsurface environments, stream biofilm, lake water, lake sediment and soil using pyrosequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. We show that there is a general pattern in phylogenetic signal in species ecological niches across recent evolutionary time for all studied habitats, enabling us to infer the influences of community assembly processes from patterns of phylogenetic turnover in community composition. The phylogenetic dissimilarities among-habitat types were significantly higher than within them, and the communities were clustered according to their original habitat types. For communities within-habitat types, the highest phylogenetic turnover rate through space was observed in subsurface environments, followed by stream biofilm on mountainsides, whereas the sediment assemblages across regional scales showed the lowest turnover rate. Quantifying phylogenetic turnover as the deviation from a null expectation suggested that measured environmental variables imposed strong selection on bacterial communities for nearly all sample groups. For three sample groups, spatial distance reflected unmeasured environmental variables that impose selection, as opposed to spatial isolation. Such characterization of spatial and environmental variables proved essential for proper interpretation of partial Mantel results based on observed beta diversity metrics. In summary, our results clearly indicate a dominant role of deterministic processes on bacterial assemblages and highlight that bacteria show strong habitat associations that have likely emerged through evolutionary adaptation.     

DNA Methylation, Behavior and Early Life Adversity

The impact of early physical and social environments on life-long phenotypes is well known. Moreover, we have documented evidence for gene–environment interactions where identical gene variants are associated with different phenotypes that are dependent on early life adversity. What are the mechanisms that embed these early life experiences in the genome? DNA methylation is an enzymatically-catalyzed modification of DNA that serves as a mechanism by which similar sequences acquire cell type identity during cellular differentiation and embryogenesis in the same individual. The hypothesis that will be discussed here proposes that the same mechanism confers environmental-exposure specific identity upon DNA providing a mechanism for embedding environmental experiences in the genome, thus affecting long-term phenotypes. Particularly important is the environment early in life including both the prenatal and postnatal social environments.