中华水韭残存居群的数量性状分化和地方适应性及其对保育遗传复壮策略的提示

 研究残存居群的数量性状分化及其地方适应性有助于了解不同居群对环境的适应性并制定相应的保育策略。本研究采用同园实验,利用随机区 组设计,对中华水韭(Isoetes s inensis)3个居群的9种优势基因型的数量性状进行巢式方差分析,并采用Bayesian方法计算等位酶（F_ST）和 数量性状（Q_ST）的居群分化值。结果表明,在测量的14个数量性状中,有10个性状在居群间有显著性差异,仅有3个性状在居群内有显著性差 异;多重比较表明其中5个性状的平均值均以松阳居群最高,休宁居群最低;建德居群的大孢子囊的性状和植株高度的平均值最高,休宁居群最 低;推测这可能是与奠基者效应、物种间竞争及中华水韭在自然生境下形成的营养生长和生殖生长之间的权衡有关。对居群数量性状分化的QST 值和等位酶分化的FST值分析比较发现,在假设为自交系时有8个性状的Q_ST值均大于F_ST值,表明存在明显的地方适应性,居群间个体的混合存 在潜在的远交衰退的风险,所以不宜采用居群间相互移植个体的方法来进行中华水韭居群的遗传复壮。对休宁和松阳两个居群的保育应采用提 高居群内基因流和改善生境环境的方法,促进居群内的遗传复壮;对建德居群应尽量减少人为干扰,宜建立特定生境的保护小区。     

中国绿豆应用型核心样本农艺性状的分析

为提高种质资源在育种中的利用效率,建立了我国绿豆(Vigna radiata)应用型核心样本。该样本既包括了资源库中具特异性状的种质和曾经在生产上大面积种植的品种,也包括了在育种中使用频繁的亲本及苗头品系等。农艺性状变异分析表明,该核心样本具有丰富的表型变异,是绿豆种质资源的代表性样本。聚类分析可将核心样本分为4大类,但类别内种质与其地理来源相关不明显。不同来源表型数据的分析发现,不同性状间的一致性存在差异。但产量相关性状的表现均与当前育种目标相接近,说明该核心样本具有较高的实用性。     

Forest gene diversity is correlated with the composition and function of soil microbial communities

The growing field of community and ecosystem genetics indicates that plant genotype and genotypic variation are important for structuring communities and ecosystem processes. Little is known, however, regarding the effects of stand gene diversity on soil communities and processes under field conditions. Utilizing natural genetic variation occurring in Populus spp. hybrid zones, we tested the hypothesis that stand gene diversity structures soil microbial communities and influences soil nutrient pools. We found significant unimodal patterns relating gene diversity to soil microbial community composition, microbial exoenzyme activity of a carbon-acquiring enzyme, and availability of soil nitrogen. Multivariate analyses indicate that this pattern is due to the correlation between gene diversity, plant secondary chemistry, and the composition of the microbial community that impacts the availability of soil nitrogen. Together, these data from a natural system indicate that stand gene diversity may affect soil microbial communities and soil processes in ways similar to species diversity (i.e., unimodal patterns). Our results further demonstrate that the effects of plant genetic diversity on other organisms may be mediated by plant functional trait variation.     

Adaptive differences in plant physiology and ecosystem paradoxes: insights from metabolic scaling theory

The link between variation in species‐specific plant traits, larger scale patterns of productivity, and other ecosystem processes is an important focus for global change research. Understanding such linkages requires synthesis of evolutionary, biogeograpahic, and biogeochemical approaches to ecological research. Recent observations reveal several apparently paradoxical patterns across ecosystems. When compared with warmer low latitudes, ecosystems from cold northerly latitudes are described by (1) a greater temperature normalized instantaneous flux of CO₂ and energy; and (2) similar annual values of gross primary production (GPP), and possibly net primary production. Recently, several authors attributed constancy in GPP to historical and abiotic factors. Here, we show that metabolic scaling theory can be used to provide an alternative ‘biotically driven’ hypothesis. The model provides a baseline for understanding how potentially adaptive variation in plant size and traits associated with metabolism and biomass production in differing biomes can influence whole‐ecosystem processes. The implication is that one cannot extrapolate leaf/lab/forest level functional responses to the globe without considering evolutionary and geographic variation in traits associated with metabolism. We test one key implication of this model – that directional and adaptive changes in metabolic and stoichiometric traits of autotrophs may mediate patterns of plant growth across broad temperature gradients. In support of our model, on average, mass‐corrected whole‐plant growth rates are not related to differences in growing season temperature or latitude. Further, we show how these changes in autotrophic physiology and nutrient content across gradients may have important implications for understanding: (i) the origin of paradoxical ecosystem behavior; (ii) the potential efficiency of whole‐ecosystem carbon dynamics as measured by the quotient of system capacities for respiration, R, and assimilation, A; and (iii) the origin of several ‘ecosystem constants’– attributes of ecological systems that apparently do not vary with temperature (and thus with latitude). Together, these results highlight the potential critical importance of community ecology and functional evolutionary/physiological ecology for understanding the role of the biosphere within the integrated earth system.     

荒漠植物叶片或同化枝δ13C值及水分利用效率研究

温带荒漠植物长期生长在夏季炎热高温、冬季寒冷低温、长年干旱缺水的极端环境中,以其特有的形态学特征和生理功能来减少水分损失.为了探讨荒漠植物水分利用效率(WUE),为荒漠生态系统保育和退化植被恢复重建提供理论依据,运用稳定碳同位素技术和光合仪测定对比的方法,对河西走廊中段临泽绿洲北部荒漠中5种植物进行了全年生长期研究.结果表明荒漠植物月水分利用效率与年生长期平均水分利用效率的相关性在8月份最高,其方程式为WUEgpa= -1.8 + 1.98 WUEAug(P = 0.011,r =0.96);月稳定碳同位素比率(δ13C 或13 C/12C) (‰)与生长期平均WUE的相关性在8月和9月最大,可靠性最高,其方程式为WUE gpa= 4.7 + 0.0813 C/12Cmon(P=0.057,r=0.87).研究得出用稳定碳同位素比率指示温带荒漠植物的短期水分利用效率,随着叶片或同化枝成熟,越往生长后期,正相关性越高,直至霜降;用稳定碳同位素比率指示植物的长期水分利用效率,以8月下旬至9月下旬采样最好.梭梭和沙拐枣的水分利用效率显著高于其它荒漠植物,5种荒漠植物长期水分利用效率的排列顺序为梭梭＞沙拐枣＞柠条＞花棒≈泡泡刺.     

Relationship between δ13C and photosynthetic parameters and their responses to leaf nitrogen content in six broadleaf tree species

Stable carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C), net photosynthetic rate (P _N), actual quantum yield of photosystem 2 (PS2) electron transport (ΦPS2), nitrogen content (N_c), and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) in the leaves of six broadleaf tree species were determined under field environmental conditions. The six tree species were Magnolia liliflora Desr., M. grandiflora Linn., M. denudata Desr., Prunus mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. cv. Meiren Men, P. mume (Sieb.) Sieb. et Zucc. f. alphandii (Carr.) Rehd., and P. persica (L.) Batsch. var. rubro-plena. The relationships among δ¹³C, Φ_PS2, P _N, and PNUE, as well as their responses to N_c in the six species were also studied. Both P _N and δ¹³C negatively correlated with N_c, but Φ_PS2 positively correlated with N_c. This indicated that with N_c increase, P _N and δ¹³C decreased, while Φ_PS2 increased. There were weak negative correlations between δ¹³C and PNUE, and strong negative correlations (p<0.01) between Φ_PS2 and PNUE. According to the variance analysis of parameters, there existed significant interspecific differences (p<0.001) of δ¹³C, P _N, Φ_PS2, PNUE, and N_c among the tree seedlings of the six tree species, which suggests that the potential photosynthetic capacities depend on plant species, irradiance, and water use capacity under field conditions.     

Nitrogen supply as a factor influencing photoinhibition and photosynthetic acclimation after transfer of shade-grown Solanum dulcamara to bright light

We have compared the ability of shadegrown clones of Solamum dulcamara L. from shade and sun habitats to acclimate to bright light, as a function of nitrogen nutrition before and after transfer to bright light. Leaves of S. dulcamara grown in the shade with 0.6 mM NO ₃ ^- have similar photosynthetic properties as leaves of plants grown with 12.0 mM NO ₃ ^- . When transferred to bright light for 1–2 d the leaves of these plants show substantial photoinhibition which is characterized by about 50% decrease in apparent quantum yield and a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis in air at light saturation. Photoinhibition of leaf photosynthesis is associated with reduction in the variable component of low-temperature fluorescence emission, and with loss of in-vitro electron transport, especially of photosystem II-dependent processes.We find no evidence for ecotypic differentiation in the potential for photosynthetic acclimation among shade and sun clones of S. dulcamara, or of differentiation with respect to nitrogen requirements for acclimation. Recovery from photoinhibition and subsequent acclimation of photosynthesis to bright light only occurs in leaves of plants provided with 12.0 mM NO ₃ ^- . In these, apparent quantum yield is fully restored after 14 d, and photosynthetic acclimation is shown by an increase in light-saturated photosynthesis in air, of light-and CO₂-saturated photosynthesis, and of the initial slope of the CO₂-response curve. The latter changes are highly correlated with changes in ribulose-bisphosphate-carboxylase activity in vitro. Plants supplied with 0.6 mM NO ₃ ^- show incomplete recovery of apparent quantum yield after 14 d, but CO₂-dependent leaf photosynthetic parameters return to control levels.Symbols and abbreviations F_o initial level of fluorescence at 77 K - F_m maximum level of fluorescence at 77 K - F_v variable components of fluorescence at 77 K (F_v=F_m-F_o) - PSI, PSII photosystem I and II, respectively - RuBP ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate - RuBPCase ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39)     

胚乳性状的遗传模型和世代平均数

谷类作物的胚乳是三倍体组织,胚乳性状受3N遗传控制。本文分析了胚乳性状的遗传特征,建立了相应的遗传模型,推导了世代群体的平均数分量,并提出了研究胚乳性状基因效应的一些简单的交配设计。     

AFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-determining physiological characters in spring barley

 An amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) map covering 965 cM was constructed using 94 recombinant inbred lines of a cross between the spring barley varieties Prisma and Apex. This map was employed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling plant height, yield and yield-determining physiological characters using an approximate multiple-QTL model, the MQM method. The seven physiological traits were parameters used in a process-based crop-growth model that predicts barley biomass production as affected by daily temperature and radiation. The traits were measured in experiments conducted over 2 years. Except for the relative growth rate of leaf area, all traits examined had at least one QTL in each year. QTLs and their effects were found to vary with developmental stages for one trait, the fraction of shoot biomass partitioned to leaves, that was measured at several stages. Most of the traits were associated, though to different extents, with the denso dwarfing gene (the height-reducing allele in Prisma) located on the long arm of chromosome 3. Some of the QTLs were mapped to similar positions in both years. The results in relation to effects of the dwarfing gene, the physiological basis for QTL×environment interaction, and the relative importance of the parameter traits with respect to yield, are discussed. Received: 17 September 1998 / Accepted: 28 December 1998