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41.
生殖量是生殖潜力(reproductivepotential)的一个主要标志,也是生态系统(含生产力)和种群生态学(含数量变动)的一个主要内容。它在很大程度上是由遗传因子(基因)决定的,表现在各类动物的生殖量有很 相似文献
42.
Photoinactivation of Photosystem (PS) II in vivo was investigated by cumulative exposure of pea, rice and spinach leaves to light pulses of variable duration from 2 to 100 s, separated by dark intervals of 30 min. During each light pulse, photosynthetic induction occurred to an extent depending on the time of illumination, but steady-state photosynthesis had not been achieved. During photosynthetic induction, it is clearly demonstrated that reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination did not hold: hence the same cumulative photon exposure (mol m–2) does not necessarily give the same extent of photoinactivation of PS II. This contrasts with the situation of steady-state photosynthesis where the photoinactivation of PS II exhibited reciprocity of irradiance and duration of illumination (Park et al. (1995) Planta 196: 401–411). We suggest that, for reciprocity to hold between irradiance and duration of illumination, there must be a balance between photochemical (qP) and non-photochemical (NPQ) quenching at all irradiances. The index of susceptibility to light stress, which represents an intrinsic ability of PS II to balance photochemical and non-photochemical quenching, is defined by the quotient (1-qP)/NPQ. Although constant in steady-state photosynthesis under a wide range of irradiance (Park et al. (1995). Plant Cell Physiol 36: 1163–1169), this index of susceptibility for spinach leaves declined extremely rapidly during photosynthetic induction at a given irradiance, and, at a given cumulative photon exposure, was dependent on irradiance. During photosynthetic induction, only limited photoprotective strategies are developed: while the transthylakoid pH gradient conferred some degree of photoprotection, neither D1 protein turnover nor the xanthophyll cycle was operative. Thus, PS II is more easily photoinactivated during photosynthetic induction, a phenomenon that may have relevance for understorey leaves experiencing infrequent, short sunflecks.Abbreviations D1 protein
psbA gene product
- DTT
dithiothreitol
- Fv, Fm, Fo
variable, maximum, and initial (corresponding to open traps) chlorophyll fluorescence yield, respectively
- NPQ
non-photochemical quenching
- PS
Photosystem
- QA
primary quinone acceptor of PS II
- qP
photochemical quenching coefficient 相似文献
43.
Bernard L. Strehler 《Photosynthesis research》1996,48(1-2):11-18
The circumstances that led to the discovery that plants luminesce after they are illuminated are described, as are other discoveries that would not have been possible were it not for the fortuitous association I had with my dear and most admirable friend, W.A. Arnold, to whom this special issue is dedicated. 相似文献
44.
Nicoletta La Rocca Roberto Barbato Giorgio Casadoro Nicoletta Rascio 《Physiologia plantarum》1996,96(3):513-518
The assimilatory activity of cotyledons can play an essential role in the survival of seedlings with a slow and delayed development of primary leaves. Changes in the photosynthetic activity of the cotyledon, from the onset of greening through senescence, were studied in two such plants, carob and sunflower, in order to determine its efficiency and duration, also in connection with the achievement of assimilatory autonomy by the plantlet. Chlorophyll analyses showed that the cotyledon's chloroplasts reached maximal greening in plantlets with a pair of expanded leaves. In contrast, the cotyledon's photosynthetic activity, measured as the rate of oxygen release, started to decrease early, before expansion of primary leaves. The decrease was due to the inactivation of a number of photosystem II (PSII) units, as revealed by immunodetection of breackdown products of the reaction centre's D1 and D2 thylakoid proteins. No signals of PSII alteration were noticed in the primary leaf chloroplasts that differentiated under the same environmental conditions. The damage to the cotyledon PSII, occurring in a non-photoinhibitory situation, might be due to a slower rate of turnover of D1 polypeptide than in the leaf thylakoids. The differential turnover of this protein in cotyledons and in leaves might represent an organ-specific regulation of the photosynthetic activity. The peculiarity of the cotyledon thylakoids make these organs useful objects for studying the metabolic cycle of both D1 and D2 proteins in vivo, under non-photoinhibiting conditions. 相似文献
45.
Nodulation of Alnus rubra seedlings after inoculation with soil from under A. rubra, Betula papyrifera. Rubus lacianutus, R. spectabilis, and R.ursinus on 2 recently harvested sites was compared. Nodulation capacity was low compared to other published reports, ranging from 0 to 18.9 infective units cm-3 of soil and was significantly affected by the site and plant species. Nodulation capacity of soil under alder was significantly higher than under all other species except R. spectabilis, regardless of site. The lowest nodulation capacity was found in soil under B. papyrifera.Joint appointment with Dept. of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences 相似文献
46.
In many German forest soils low base saturation of CEC in deeper soil layers was reported and acidic deposition is seen as
the major cause of these findings. To test this hypothesis we sampled 5 New Zealand forest soils from pristine beech (Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri) sites under climatic and geological conditions comparable to higher elevations in Germany. The soils developed from granite
and greywacke. Soil samples were analyzed for pH and the exchangeable cations were extracted with 1M NH4Cl. The base saturation of all soil profiles was very low, even in deeper layers and was thus similar to the patterns found
in many German forest soils. The pH was generally higher in the New Zealand soils as compared to Germany. The reason for the
depletion of base cations in deeper soil layers of New Zealand forest soils is most likely the leaching of base cations with
HCO3
- resulting from the dissociation of carbonic acid in connection with high amounts of seepage. Thus, under high rainfall conditions,
the low base saturation found in deeper layers of forest soils cannot exclusively be attributed to the effects of acidic depositions
and land use. ei]Section editor: R F Huettl 相似文献
47.
Z. Lechowski 《Biologia Plantarum》1996,38(1):85-93
Gas exchange characteristics of a hemiparasiteMelampyrum arvense L. before and after attachment to the hostCapsella bursa pastoris (L.) Med. were compared. The net photosynthetic rates (PN) on a leaf area basis were extremely low and in comparison to the value obtained for the host were about 15 % and 23 % for
the unattached and attached hemiparasite, respectively. Also the concentration of photosynthetic pigments was low (as compared
with the host the content of chlorophylls was about 33 % and 49 % and of carotenoids about 38 % and 36 % in the unattached
and attached hemiparasite, respectively). On the other hand the rates of respiration were high (about 1.8 and 2.6 times higher
in the unattached and attached hemiparasite, respectively, than in the host). In darkness stomatal conductance (gS) of the host and the unattached hemiparasite was rapidly reduced to 10 % of the value obtained in light, gS of the attached hemiparasite was decreased only by about 30%. A total reduction of gS occurred at relative water content (RWC) of 85 %, 75% and 45 % for the unattached hemiparasite, the host, and the attached hemiparasite, respectively. The transpiration (E) rate
in the preparasitic stage was very low, being 2.6 and 4.5 times smaller than in the host and the attached hemiparasite, respectively.
In the attached hemiparasite WUE was 7.5 and 3 times poorer than in the host and in the preparasitic stage, respectively. 相似文献
48.
Predictive models for phosphorus retention in wetlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. J. Richardson S. Qian C. B. Craft R. G. Qualls 《Wetlands Ecology and Management》1996,4(3):159-175
The potential of wetlands to efficiently remove (i.e., act as a nutrient sink) or to transform nutrients like phosphorus under high nutrient loading has resulted in their consideration as a cost-effective means of treating wastewater on the landscape. Few predictive models exist which can accurately assess P retention capacity. An analysis of the north American data base (NADB) allowed us to develop a mass loading model that can be used to predict P storage and effluent concentrations from wetlands. Phosphorus storage in wetlands is proportional to P loadings but the output total phosphorus (TP) concentrations increase exponentially after a P loading threshold is reached. The threshold P assimilative capacity based on the NADB and a test site in the Everglades is approximately 1 g m–2 yr–1. We hypothesize that once loadings exceed 1 g m–2 yr–1 and short-term mechanisms are saturated, that the mechanisms controlling the uptake and storage of P in wetlands are exceeded and effluent concentrations of TP rise exponentially. We propose a One Gram Rule for freshwater wetlands and contend that this loading is near the assimilative capacity of wetlands. Our analysis further suggests that P loadings must be reduced to 1 g m–2 yr–1 or lower within the wetland if maintaining long-term low P output concentrations from the wetlands is the central goal. A carbon based phosphorus retention model developed for peatlands and tested in the Everglades of Florida provided further evidence of the proposed One Gram Rule for wetlands. This model is based on data from the Everglades areas impacted by agricultural runoff during the past 30 years. Preliminary estimates indicate that these wetlands store P primarily as humic organic-P, insoluble P, and Ca bound P at 0.44 g m–2 yr–1 on average. Areas loaded with 4.0 g m–2 yr–1 (at water concentrations>150 g·L–1 TP) stored 0.8 to 0.6 g m–2 yr–1 P, areas loaded with 3.3 g m–2 yr–1 P retained 0.6 to 0.4 g m–2 yr–1 P, and areas receiving 0.6 g m–2 yr–1 P retained 0.3 to 0.2 g m–2 yr–1. The TP water concentrations in the wetland did not drop below 50 g·L–1 until loadings were below 1 g m2 yr–1 P. 相似文献
49.
午间强光胁迫下SOD对大豆叶片光合机构的保护作用 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
晴天田间大豆叶片Pn与Pr均表现出明显的日变化,Pn日变化曲线里双峰型,中午前后降低。Pr随日照强度的增加而增加,至上午11时左右达最大值,然后缓慢下降。普通空气及低氧空气中的AQY均在中午前后降低。SOD活性也有明显的日变化,最高值出现在下午16时左右。强光下喷施SOD抑制剂DDTC明显降低Pn及低氧空气中的AQY;而在低于叶片光合作用饱和光强下喷施同样浓度DDTC则对Pn及低氧空气中的AQY无明显影响。中午前后SOD活性及Pr的增加对于保护光合机构免受强光的破坏具有重要意义。 相似文献
50.
Paul W. Ludden 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1994,138(1-2):123-129
Several cases of ADP-ribosylation of endogenous proteins in procaryotes have been discovered and investigated. The most thoroughly studied example is the reversible ADP-ribosylation of the dinitrogenase reductase from the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodospirillum rubrum and related bacteria. A dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) and a dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribose glycohydrolase (DRAG) fromR. rubrum have been isolated and characterized. The genes for these proteins have been isolated and sequences and show little similarity to the ADP-ribosylating toxins. Other targets for endogenous ADP-ribosylation by procaryotes include glutamine synthetase inR. rubrum andRhizobium meliloti and undefined proteins inStreptomyces griseus andPseudomonas maltophila. 相似文献