草地螟阿格姬蜂的滞育诱导和滞育茧的低温贮藏

为了阐明环境因子对草地螟阿格姬蜂Agrypon flexorium (Thunberg)滞育诱导作用, 测定了5个光周期和4个温度处理对阿格姬蜂的滞育诱导和该蜂感受光周期的敏感虫态以及不同时间段低温贮藏对滞育虫茧的影响。结果表明： 在17~23℃、 光照时间10~14 h范围内, 随着温度的降低和光照时间的缩短, 滞育率明显提高。高温能抵消短光照对滞育诱导的影响, 在26℃下, 短光照不能诱导滞育。因此, 低温和短光照是诱导草地螟阿格姬蜂滞育的主要因子。草地螟阿格姬蜂感受滞育信号的敏感虫态为卵和1龄幼虫。卵和1龄幼虫感受滞育信号以后, 需要在滞育环境中发育到老熟幼虫才能全部进入滞育。将室内诱导的滞育茧在4℃左右环境条件下冷藏80 d, 成蜂的羽化率和寄生能力与没有冷藏的非滞育茧差异不显著, 冷藏120 d, 滞育茧仍有71.7%可以正常羽化。结果说明,可在17℃,光周期8L∶16D条件下对寄生后3 d内的草地螟Loxostege sticticalis幼虫进行滞育诱导, 滞育后的虫茧最佳贮藏时间为80 d, 不宜超过120 d。本研究为室内扩繁、 防止蜂源退化、 控制寄生蜂发育时间以便适时释放提供了参考依据。     

Estimating the ability of plants to plastically track temperature‐mediated shifts in the spring phenological optimum

One consequence of rising spring temperatures is that the optimum timing of key life‐history events may advance. Where this is the case, a population's fate may depend on the degree to which it is able to track a change in the optimum timing either via plasticity or via adaptation. Estimating the effect that temperature change will have on optimum timing using standard approaches is logistically challenging, with the result that very few estimates of this important parameter exist. Here we adopt an alternative statistical method that substitutes space for time to estimate the temperature sensitivity of the optimum timing of 22 plant species based on >200 000 spatiotemporal phenological observations from across the United Kingdom. We find that first leafing and flowering dates are sensitive to forcing (spring) temperatures, with optimum timing advancing by an average of 3 days °C^?1 and plastic responses to forcing between ?3 and ?8 days °C^?1. Chilling (autumn/winter) temperatures and photoperiod tend to be important cues for species with early and late phenology, respectively. For most species, we find that plasticity is adaptive, and for seven species, plasticity is sufficient to track geographic variation in the optimum phenology. For four species, we find that plasticity is significantly steeper than the optimum slope that we estimate between forcing temperature and phenology, and we examine possible explanations for this countergradient pattern, including local adaptation.     

亚洲玉米螟两个不同地理种群对暗期干扰的滞育反应

为了探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)不同地理种群对暗期干扰的滞育反应, 本文在研究了亚洲玉米螟南昌种群（28°41′N, 115°53′E）和哈尔滨种群（44°56′N, 127°10′E）光周期反应的基础上, 在室内分别测试了25℃和28℃温度下1 h的光脉冲干扰光周期L9∶D15和L12∶D12对这两个不同地理种群幼虫滞育抑制的影响。结果表明： 在25℃和28℃下, 哈尔滨种群的临界日长分别比南昌种群延长了1 h 40 min和2 h; 在所有测试的暗期干扰实验中, 除了极少数光脉冲干扰点外, 南昌种群幼虫滞育的发生率显著低于哈尔滨种群; 1 h光脉冲干扰光周期L9∶D15的滞育发生率明显低于干扰光周期L12∶D12, 且前者表现了暗期的中间对光脉冲最敏感, 而后者显示了暗期的初期对光脉冲最敏感; 28℃下光脉冲对滞育的抑制效果强于25℃。这些结果进一步提示, 即使在同种昆虫中, 如果地理种群和实验条件不同, 暗期干扰对滞育抑制的效果也可能不同。     

温周期对不同地理种群棉铃虫幼虫发育及蛹滞育的影响

为了探明不同地理种群棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hiibner)对温周期的反应,本研究系统调查了棉铃虫广东广州种群(23.08°N,113.14°E)、江西水修种群(29.04°N,115.82°E)、山东泰安种群(36.15°N,116.59°E)和辽宁喀佐种群(41.34°N,120.27°E...     

温度和光周期对绿盲蝽滞育诱导的影响

为了阐明环境因子对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür卵滞育诱导作用,测定了3个温度和6个光周期组合处理对绿肓蝽的滞育诱导和绿盲蝽光周期感应的敏感虫态,系统调查了绿肓蝽在不同温度和不同光照组合下所产卵的孵化率.结果表明:绿盲蝽的敏感虫态为1龄若虫;在17℃,20℃和23℃3个不同温度下,光照时间小...     

光周期对休眠诱导期桃树光合及PSⅡ光系统性能的影响

人工设置长日照和短日照2种光周期(以自然条件为对照),测定6年生春捷桃树叶片光合参数和叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学参数,研究诱导休眠期间光周期对北方落叶果树光合性能的影响.结果表明： 短日照条件下树体可提前进入休眠诱导期,长日照条件下则延后进入.休眠诱导期间,桃树叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)升高,表明P_n降低的原因是非气孔限制;PSⅡ的最大光化学效率φ_Po(或F_v/F_m)、潜在活性（F_v/F_o）、PSⅡ反应中心捕获的光能用于Q_A^-下游的电子传递的能量比例(ψ_o)和光合性能指数(PI_ABS)均降低,表明光合电子传递链的电子传递能力受到抑制,其原因可能是PSⅡ反应中心受体侧Q_A^-下游的电子传递链受到了伤害.长日照有利于提高休眠诱导期的光合速率,减小PI_ABS下降幅度,减轻光系统的受害程度,短日照则明显加深、加速光合机构的损坏.光周期的诱导效应与休眠进程相关.
     

Effect of reverse photoperiod on in vitro regeneration and piperine production in Piper nigrum L.

In this study, a novel approach for in vitro regeneration of Piper nigrum L. has been applied in order to increase healthy biomass, phytochemicals and piperine production via reverse photoperiod (16hD/8hL). Leaf portions of the seed-derived plants were placed on an MS-medium fortified with different PGRs. Under 16hD/8hL, thidiazuron (TDZ; 4.0 mg L⁻¹) and BA (1.5 mg L⁻¹) was found to be the most effective (< 90%) in callus induction. Two concentrations (1.5, 2.0 mg L⁻¹) of the IBA produced > 80% shoots from callus cultures. Healthy shoots were transferred to rooting medium and higher percentage of rooting (< 90%) was observed on IBA (1.5 mg L⁻¹). These in vitro tissues were subjected to amino acid analysis, spectrophotometry, and HPLC. ARG, SER, THR, and TYR were the most abundant components out of 17 amino acids. Higher amino acid production was observed under normal photoperiod (16hL/8hD) than under reverse photoperiod (16hD/8hL). The highest total phenolic content (TPC; 9.91 mg/g-DW) and flavonoid content (7.38 mg/g-DW) were observed in callus cultures incubated under 16hL/8hD than other tissues incubated under 16hD/8hL photoperiod. Higher DPPH and PoMo activities were observed in tissues incubated under 16hL/8hD photoperiod, while ABTS and Fe²⁺ chelating activities were found higher in tissues incubated under reverse photoperiod. Significant quantities of piperine content were observed in all tissues except callus cultures. These results suggest that reverse photoperiod is a promising approach for callus induction, phytochemicals and piperine production for commercial applications.     

针叶树种抗寒性数学模型研究进展

介绍了几种针叶树种抗寒性动态模型的研究发展概况、不同模型的优势和局限,以及今后的研究展望.在已建立的数学模型中,初期研究只考虑温度作为影响抗寒性的环境因子,引入了抗寒性固定水平概念;由于这类模型对抗寒性的预测存在明显误差,之后的研究假设抗寒性固定水平是温度和光周期加性影响的结果,并考虑了抗寒性年发育阶段对环境的响应.加性模型受到研究人员的重视,并对加性原理进行了实际检验.有研究表明,温度和光周期对欧洲赤松苗不同器官的影响不是累加的,而是存在交互作用.因此,抗寒性数学模型需要不断地发展和完善.     

光周期对光敏胞质不育小麦花药发育过程中Ca^2＋分布的影响

运用焦锑酸钾沉淀法,研究了不同光照条件下光敏胞质不育小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ Ｌ．）花药发育过程中Ｃａ＾２＋的分布。短日照条件下,小孢子形成和花粉发育过程中胞内Ｃａ＾２＋在数量、分布上有变化;小孢子表面逐渐积累Ｃａ＾２＋,至成熟花粉表面覆盖一层Ｃａ＾２＋,胞质Ｃａ＾２＋较少;药隔和药壁组织通过抽外体或共质体途径运输Ｃａ＾２＋供给花粉的发育;长日照条件下,花粉败育发生在不同时期,早期     

光敏核不育水稻花药IAA的免疫组织化学分析

首次应用免疫组织化学分析方法对长日和短日处理后的农垦５８Ｓ和对照农垦５８（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．ｓｕｂｓｐ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ）花药中的ＩＡＡ进行了定位研究和相对水平的比较。结果表明,此方法可反映游离态ＩＡＡ在花药中的分布及其相对水平的变化。从雌雄蕊原基形成期至单核晚期的５个时期中,经长日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ花药中的ＩＡＡ水平都低于短日照处理的农垦５８Ｓ及在不同光周期处理下的农垦５８花药。对花