繁殖期内丹顶鹤的日常短鸣声行为模式分析

繁殖期内,丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的日常短鸣声行为具有一定的模式。本文通过行为的实时观察,并利用MATLAB分析软件对日常短鸣声进行了计算机声谱分析,给出了鸣声模式的声图、示波图和频谱。结果表明：雄性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较少,一般不超过4个音节;而雌性的鸣声特性是每个单次叫声中含有的音节数较多,最少的含有4个音节。雌雄鸣声的共同特性是每个音节都是由三个声脉冲组成。l号鹤的谐和特性较好,2号音色较纯净;雌性鸣肌速率较高,雄性则较低。自由选择配对组配偶间音质是一纯一杂,而人为组合组雌雄音质相同。     

Adult Female Rats Defend “Appropriate” Energy Intake after Adaptation to Dietary Energy

Objective: To determine if adult female rats adapt to lower and higher dietary energy density. Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 compared high‐fat (56%), high‐energy density (HD) (21.6 kJ/g) and high‐fat (56%), low‐energy density (LD) (16.0 kJ/g) diets before surgery (two groups, 2 weeks, n = 16) and after surgery [ovariectomy (O) Sham (S); 2 × 2 factorial, n = 8; 6 weeks]. The second study (no surgery) compared high‐fat (60.0%), high‐energy (22.0 kJ/g) and low‐fat (10.0%), low‐energy (15.1 kJ/g) diets (n = 8). Results: In study 1, food intake was similar for the first 2 weeks, but rats on the LD diet consumed less energy, gained less weight, and had lower nonfasted serum leptin (all p < 0.0001) than rats on the HD diet. After surgery, rats on the LD and HD diets had similar weight gain, but rats on the LD diet consumed more food (p < 0.0001) and less energy (p < 0.009). O rats consumed more food and gained more weight (p < 0.0001) than S rats. Results from study 2 were similar to those from study 1. Discussion: The results demonstrated that O and S surgery rats and rats with no surgery adjust their food intake to defend a level of energy intake. This defense only occurred after a 2‐week adaptation period. The major differences in final body weights and abdominal fat resulted from the initial 2 weeks before adaptation to energy density. Rats fed higher‐energy diets seemed to “settle” at a higher level of adiposity, and rats fed lower‐energy diets consumed more food to increase energy consumption.     

圈养小熊猫育幼行为的初步观察

Nursing behaviors of the captive md pandas were quantitatively studied by focal sampling methods in Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding from Jldy to August, 2000. The results indicated that frequencies of activity and rest were low in the first three days after birth, and became higher as time went by. The frequency of licking cub was higher in the first day after birth and deserting cub was only observed in the seventh day. Frequencies of some behaviors, such as rest, licking cub, cherishing cub,sniffing cub, returning to shed and deserting cub, differed sioaificantly in different phases of the first month after birth. Frequencies of licking cub, cherishing cub, sniffing cub and returning to shed were significantly higher in the pre-nursing period than in the midnursing and post-nursing periods. However, frequencies of rest and deserting cub were sioaificantly higher in the post-nursing period than in the per-nursing and mid-nursing periods. The degree of maternal behaviors can be inferred from degree that the mother exposes her babies to the envim~unent and the time that the mother leaves her shed.     

北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨的错(牙合)畸形

本文选择辽宁北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨中牙列较完整的个体进行了错He畸形的调查。初步探讨了我国魏晋十六国时期古代居民中错He畸形的发病情况,结果显示：1)辽宁北票喇嘛洞墓地魏晋十六国时期人骨错He畸形的患病率为42．53％;在错He个体中,前牙拥挤所占比例最大,为56．76％;在Angle氏错He分类中,AngleⅠ类所占比例最大,为70．27％;2)错He畸形的患病率性别差异无统计学意义;3)人类经济类型所决定的饮食结构的改变与错He畸形的发病原因有关系。     

哺乳期棕色田鼠对配偶的识别记忆

观察了分娩后哺乳雌性棕色田鼠（Microtus mandarinus）与配偶分离7d、14d、21d后对配偶与陌生雄鼠的行为反应。结果发现,在频次和持续时间上,与配偶分离7d、14d、21d的雌鼠对配偶的攻击行为显著低于陌生雄鼠（P〈0．05）;对配偶的嗅闻及友善行为显著高于陌生雄鼠（P〈0．05）。处于哺乳前、中、后期不同阶段的雌鼠对陌生雄鼠攻击水平没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）。这些结果说明,在整个哺乳期,雌鼠能够识别配偶,对配偶的记忆不因分离时间的增加而减弱,而且对陌生鼠的攻击水平不会因哺乳阶段的变化而变化,维持高水平的攻击可能与其较强的母性行为有关。     

山银花不同发育阶段花结构与绿原酸含量变化关系研究

利用HPLC测定了山银花不同发育阶段花中绿原酸的含量变化,同时采用荧光显微镜和石蜡制片法观察了花器官中绿原酸的分布部位及其在花发育过程中的结构变化,以探讨绿原酸含量变化与花结构间的相互关系。结果显示:绿原酸主要分布于萼筒和花冠筒的内、外表皮细胞及外表皮下的几层细胞中;在花发育过程中,当花蕾外观上呈绿色时含绿原酸细胞处于分化之中,而呈白色时则分化成熟,至花开放呈白色和黄色时则趋于衰亡;花中绿原酸含量在细胞分化早期较高,在细胞分化接近成熟时则开始急剧减少,至细胞趋于衰老时,绿原酸含量最低。这些结果说明,花中绿原酸含量的变化与花的发育过程密切相关;推测可能是花发育过程中的叶绿体变化直接影响了淀粉合成,进而对绿原酸含量积累产生了影响;本研靠结果为制定金银花药材的合理采收期标准提供了理论依据。     

营巢类型、巢捕食和窝卵数对高寒草甸雀形目雏鸟生长期的影响

根据1998—2001年高寒草甸10种雀形目鸟类的窝卵数、雏期和巢捕食数据,以Logistic方程拟合雏鸟生长过程,并计算出有关生长率参数;根据营巢类型将10种雀形目鸟划分为开放或半开放类群(GOB)和全封闭穴居类群(HCB)两类,将把雏鸟的生长过程划分为3个生长期(缓增期、快增期和渐增期)。3个生长期占雏期的比例因营巢类型而异,GOB类群快增期>渐增期>缓增期;HCB类群渐增期>快增期>缓增期。分析营巢类型、巢捕食和窝卵数与各生长期之间的关系,结果表明3个生长期的体重积累占离巢时体重的比例因巢型不同而有显著差异;营巢类型和巢捕食显著影响各生长期占雏期的比例和体重积累占离巢时体重的比例;窝卵数影响快增期和渐增期长度,而不影响缓增期长度。快增期体重积累与渐增期的生长率不相关,但与渐增期长度显著相关。因此,前期的能量积累不影响后期生长率,而影响后期生长的长度。该结果进一步印证在晚成鸟中不存在补偿性生长。     

下辽河平原典型农田融化期氧化亚氮和甲烷排放通量研究

应用静态箱／气相色谱法对下辽河平原典型农田（大豆地、玉米地、水稻田）土壤融化期N2O和CH4排放通量进行了研究。结果表明,在融化期间,3种农田N20排放量均较大,这段时期的农田是大气N2O的一个重要源;3种农田CH4排放不明显,成为大气CH4的汇。在融化期间,农田N2O排放量,旱田CH4排放量与箱内温度间均无显著相关性。而水稻田CH4排放量与箱内温度呈显著负相关,相对于生长季来说,这是土壤融化期间的特定现象。     

四种协同杀虫成分分离及作用规律研究

从紫穗槐叶和茎中分离出具有协同毒杀大皱腮金龟甲作用的四种化合物:6a,12a-α-脱氢灰叶酚(A);6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素(B);(±)灰叶素(C);(-)-6-羟基-6a,12a-脱氢灰叶酚(D)。该4种组分按1.00:2.54:4.18:2.54的天然质量比例混配成0.2%的乳液,防治大皱腮金龟甲成虫,死亡率达90.0%。紫穗槐中该四种化合物的含量和毒效以展叶初期最高;平茬后次年为最高,以后略有所降低,但大至保持在第2年的水平;沙地环境下生长的紫穗槐中有效成分含量高于黄土、石质硬梁地和下湿滩地。     

用数学模型分析非典型肺炎预防和隔离措施的有效性

利用时滞常微分方程建立数学模型,研究在无任何预防和隔离措施的假想情况下非典型肺炎传染和发展的终极状态．通过对模型的讨论发现,在无任何预防和隔离措施的情况下,当非典疫情自生自灭以后,感染非典型肺炎的总人数占总人口的比例z主要取决于基本传染数R,即每个“非典”患者在其整个病程中的平均传染人数．根据有关报道[3,4],非典型肺炎的基本传染数R在2．2至3．6之间．根据我们的模型分析,当R=2．2时,z值可达85％左右,而当R=3．6时,z值可达97％左右．而事实上由于采取了预防和隔离措施,以北京市为例,感染非典型肺炎的总人数只有几千人,不到其总人口的千分之一．这充分说明了有关非典的预防和隔离措施的有效性．