南海北部浮游桡足类对浮游植物的摄食压力

于2004年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在南海北部使用肠道色素法研究了浮游桡足类群落对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力。将底到表垂直拖网(网孔径200μm)获得的桡足类分为中型(>500μm)和小型(200~500μm)两个体长组。冬季:中型桡足类的丰度为103~2343(平均633)ind/m3,肠道色素为0.15~2.71(平均1.31)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.011(A4)~0.019(C1)min-1,个体摄食率为3.13~58.48(平均28.36)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为1902~62369(平均18679)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.25%~6.39%(平均3.04%)。小型桡足类的丰度为418~6250(平均1691)ind/m3,肠道色素为0.18~3.44(平均1.19)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.012(A4)~0.016(C1)min-1,个体摄食率为3.67~70.04(平均24.34)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为1540~158561(平均44227)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.44%~15.70%(平均6.59%)。浮游桡足类群体对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天1.02%~20.10%(平均9.63%)。夏季:中型桡足类的丰度为111~1298(平均621)ind/m3,肠道色素分别为0.22~1.58(平均1.03)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.017min-1,个体摄食率为5.52~39.92(平均25.95)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为4411~26667(平均12878)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为每天0.23%~6.52%(平均2.52%)。小型桡足类的丰度为756~8804(平均2990)ind/m3,肠道色素含量为0.09~2.92(平均0.87)ng/ind,肠道排空率为0.020min-1,个体摄食率为2.73~87.77(平均26.26)ng/(ind.d),群落摄食率为9309~139817(平均47191)ng/(d.m3),对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为0.86%~37.79%(平均10.99%)。浮游桡足类群体对浮游植物生物量的摄食压力为1.09%~39.95%(平均13.51%)。数据表明,2月份和8月份桡足类群体对浮游植物现存量的摄食压力较低,桡足类摄食不是南海北部浮游植物死亡的主要原因。     

Five Cyanophora (Cyanophorales,Glaucophyta) species delineated based on morphological and molecular data

Cyanophora is an important glaucophyte genus of unicellular biflagellates that may have retained ancestral features of photosynthetic eukaryotes. The nuclear genome of Cyanophora was recently sequenced, but taxonomic studies of more than two strains are lacking for this genus. Furthermore, no study has used molecular methods to taxonomically delineate Cyanophora species. Here, we delimited the species of Cyanophora using light and electron microscopy, combined with molecular data from several globally distributed strains, including one newly established. Using a light microscope, we identified two distinct morphological groups: one with ovoid to ellipsoidal vegetative cells and another with dorsoventrally flattened or broad, bean‐shaped vegetative cells containing duplicated plastids. Our light and scanning electron microscopy clearly distinguished three species with ovoid to ellipsoidal cells (C. paradoxa Korshikov, C. cuspidata Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov., and C. kugrensii Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov.) and two species with broad, bean‐shaped cells (C. biloba Kugrens, B.L.Clay, C.J.Mey. & R.E.Lee and C. sudae Tos.Takah. & Nozaki sp. nov.) based on differences in cell shape and surface ornamentations of the vegetative cells under the field‐emission scanning electron microscope. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of P700 chl a apoprotein A2 (psaB) genes and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), as well as a comparison of secondary structures of nuclear rDNA ITS‐2 and genetic distances of psaB genes, supported the delineation of five morphological species of Cyanophora.     

Delimiting species: comparing methods for Mendelian characters using lizards of the Sceloporus grammicus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae) complex

Species form the fundamental units of analysis in many areas of biology and, therefore, rigorous delimitation of this unit is important to a broad array of researchers. Recently, many new empirical methods have been proposed to delimit species in nature, and a large literature exists on the theoretical merit and superiority of each method. However, few empirical studies actually compare the results of these methods applied in the same study system. We used a large allozyme and chromosome dataset to apply a number of genetic-distance, character-based, and tree-based methods to a well-studied, data-rich system: the Sceloporus grammicus lizard complex of central Mexico. We hypothesized species boundaries under a general lineage or evolutionary species conceptual framework in an a priori fashion using mapped restriction-site data (mitochondrial DNA and nuclear rDNA), allozymes, and morphology. We then compared the ability of different methods to recover the "hypothesized evolutionary species" (HES). Highton's genetic-distance method and a tree-based method consistently recovered all four HES, although sometimes with weak support. With two exceptions, other methods recovered the same HES, but additional groups were weakly delimited and nested within the HES. Given the apparent recent divergence of some of the chromosome races and distinct populations in this complex, these are encouraging results. We emphasize the value of specifying testable criteria as clearly as possible and testing these with methods that make use of different properties of a single dataset.     

生物法生产2,3-丁二醇研究进展

2,3-丁二醇是一种重要的化工原料,可广泛应用于多个领域。二战期间由于合成橡胶需要大量1,3-丁二烯,2,3-丁二醇生产空前发展。近年来,由于聚对苯二甲酸丁烯树脂、γ-丁内酯,Spandex弹性纤维及其前体的需求增长,2,3-丁二醇的需求和产量也稳步增长。多年来,生物法生产2,3-丁二醇虽然得到了广泛的研究,但一直没有实现工业化。本文从产生2,3-丁二醇的菌种及2,3-丁二醇的生理意义、代谢途径、旋光异构体的形成机理、影响发酵的因素与产物的提纯等方面对生物法生产2,3-丁二醇进行了综述并提出了生物法生产2,3-丁二醇要解决的几个问题。     

金黄色葡萄球菌基因表达的DNA扣除法

[目的]金黄色葡萄球菌作为一种分布广泛的致病微生物和研究革兰氏阳性菌遗传背景的模式菌株,利用real-time RT PCR对相关毒素及调控基因进行表达定量分析,在生物、医学、食品检测等领域具有较大研究价值.[方法]对制备好的反转录(RT,含有cDNA和DNA)和非反转录(RTˉ,仅含DNA)样品进行Real-time PCR检测,根据经典(1 E)ˉ△△Ct相对定量算法并结合PCR效率公式建立一种基因表达相对定量分析的DNA扣除法,将得到的Ct值转换为各样品含量,从RT样品中扣除RTˉ样品的量,无需DNaseⅠ酶解处理就可以去除DNA的影响,RTˉ样品的检测结果还可同时作为稳定的DNA内参.[结果]采用以上方法分析金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A基因(sea)、16S rRNA和RNA Ⅲ的表达情况,在含有葡萄糖的NB培养基中sea的相对转录水平随着葡萄糖浓度的增大而升高,RNAⅢ的相对转录水平随葡萄糖浓度的变化而产生小幅度的波动,16S rRNA在菌体生长初期时的表达量较为稳定;与绝对定量法比较,结果差异较小(均小于15%),且差异不显著(p＞0.05).[结论]这种基于DNA扣除法的Real-time RT PCR相对定量方法可以有效的对金黄色葡萄球菌的基因表达进行分析.     

Computing likelihoods for coalescents with multiple collisions in the infinitely many sites model

One of the central problems in mathematical genetics is the inference of evolutionary parameters of a population (such as the mutation rate) based on the observed genetic types in a finite DNA sample. If the population model under consideration is in the domain of attraction of the classical Fleming-Viot process, such as the Wright-Fisher- or the Moran model, then the standard means to describe its genealogy is Kingman's coalescent. For this coalescent process, powerful inference methods are well-established. An important feature of the above class of models is, roughly speaking, that the number of offspring of each individual is small when compared to the total population size, and hence all ancestral collisions are binary only. Recently, more general population models have been studied, in particular in the domain of attraction of so-called generalised Lambda-Fleming-Viot processes, as well as their (dual) genealogies, given by the so-called Lambda-coalescents, which allow multiple collisions. Moreover, Eldon and Wakeley (Genetics 172:2621-2633, 2006) provide evidence that such more general coalescents might actually be more adequate to describe real populations with extreme reproductive behaviour, in particular many marine species. In this paper, we extend methods of Ethier and Griffiths (Ann Probab 15(2):515-545, 1987) and Griffiths and Tavaré (Theor Pop Biol 46:131-159, 1994a, Stat Sci 9:307-319, 1994b, Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond Ser B 344:403-410, 1994c, Math Biosci 12:77-98, 1995) to obtain a likelihood based inference method for general Lambda-coalescents. In particular, we obtain a method to compute (approximate) likelihood surfaces for the observed type probabilities of a given sample. We argue that within the (vast) family of Lambda-coalescents, the parametrisable sub-family of Beta(2 - alpha, alpha)-coalescents, where alpha in (1, 2], are of particular relevance. We illustrate our method using simulated datasets, thus obtaining maximum-likelihood estimators of mutation and demographic parameters.     

基于SBE法的广东省生态景观林带美景度评价

采用美景度评价法(SBE法)对广东省生态景观林带进行评价，分析影响生态景观林带景观水平的主要因子，探讨生态景观林带景观构成要素与景观质量的关系。结果表明，不同专业、性别、学历、年龄的人群在森林审美态度上具有一致性，其评判结果能够反映森林美景度的实际情况；对53张照片评价SBE值，最大为1.4454，最小为-1.6917；对美景度影响较大的4个因子，即色彩丰富度(X6)、色泽明度(X7)、生活型(X8)、生长状况(X9)，建立的多元线性回归模型是 Y=1.902-0.346X6-0.461X7+ 0.206X8-0.584X9。     

氧合血红蛋白Fe-O2键合态 ab initio 研究

本文报道用自旋非限制Hartree-Fock方法(spin unrestricted Hartree-Fock method简写UHF)对氧合血红蛋白的Fe-O₂键合态进行ab initio研究。结果表明Fe^(Ⅱ)、Oc和Or的Mulliken布居值分别为24.18、8.19和7.64。这说明氧合血红蛋白的Fe-O₂键合态不发生电子转移。研究模型所得到的频率与实验频率基本一致。研究结果不支持Weiss提出的Fe³⁺O₂^-模型,为解释血红蛋白传输氧的作用机理提供了新的理论依据。     

Potato tuber proteomics: comparison of two complementary extraction methods designed for 2-DE of acidic proteins

Two protein extraction procedures were tested in order to remove interfering compounds prior to 2-DE of potato tubers. These methods using SDS lysis buffer and phenol-phase extraction were compared regarding the quality of the resulting 2-D gel. While the resolution of SDS extracts on semipreparative gels seems better, both methods lead to similar extraction yields and total number of spots. The procedures are complementary regarding the Mr range of preferentially extracted proteins.