城市绿地乡土树种对大气污染的适应性响应

为探究华南乡土树种对东莞市不同绿地类型的适应性,将14种华南乡土树种分别栽植于四种绿地类型：工业绿地、道路绿地、城市公园和植物园,研究乡土树种的生理生态变化。各类型绿地的大气监测结果表明,道路绿地的各项大气污染指标明显高于其他绿地;工业区绿地的总悬浮颗粒物和氮氧化物浓度比植物园高;城市公园的总悬浮颗粒物浓度明显高于植物园。14个树种的生理生态研究结果表明,不同植物在各种绿地环境中适应策略各异,且随着污染强度的增加,多数植物净光合速率（Pn）和气孔导度（Gs）之间的相关系数降低,且Pn与Gs之间的相关系数变化不一致。14种华南乡土树种中,深山含笑、樟树、山杜英、黄栀子、胡氏青冈、九节、格木、黄果厚壳桂和华润楠等9个树种在不同污染环境下均表现出不同程度的敏感性,红鳞蒲桃和越南山龙眼对各种环境污染都不敏感,红叶石楠、假鹰爪和枫香在不同的污染环境中表现各异。     

Forest floor vegetation response to nitrogen deposition in Europe

Chronic nitrogen (N) deposition is a threat to biodiversity that results from the eutrophication of ecosystems. We studied long‐term monitoring data from 28 forest sites with a total of 1,335 permanent forest floor vegetation plots from northern Fennoscandia to southern Italy to analyse temporal trends in vascular plant species cover and diversity. We found that the cover of plant species which prefer nutrient‐poor soils (oligotrophic species) decreased the more the measured N deposition exceeded the empirical critical load (CL) for eutrophication effects (P = 0.002). Although species preferring nutrient‐rich sites (eutrophic species) did not experience a significantly increase in cover (P = 0.440), in comparison to oligotrophic species they had a marginally higher proportion among new occurring species (P = 0.091). The observed gradual replacement of oligotrophic species by eutrophic species as a response to N deposition seems to be a general pattern, as it was consistent on the European scale. Contrary to species cover changes, neither the decrease in species richness nor of homogeneity correlated with nitrogen CL exceedance (ExCL_empN). We assume that the lack of diversity changes resulted from the restricted time period of our observations. Although existing habitat‐specific empirical CL still hold some uncertainty, we exemplify that they are useful indicators for the sensitivity of forest floor vegetation to N deposition.     

低温微生物修复石油烃类污染土壤研究进展

耐冷菌、嗜冷菌等低温微生物广泛存在于极地、高山以及高纬度等土壤环境中,是石油烃类污染物在低温条件下降解与转化的重要微生物资源.利用低温微生物的独特优势,石油污染土壤的低温生物修复技术的研究成为当前热点领域.本文系统综述了低温石油烃降解菌的分类及冷适机制,低温微生物对不同类型石油烃组分的降解特征和降解机理,低温环境中接种降解菌、添加营养物质和表面活性剂等强化技术在石油污染土壤中生物修复的应用.以及微生物分子生物学技术在低温微生物降解石油烃的研究现状,为拓展我国石油污染土壤生物修复技术提供参考.     

Highlights of large lake research and management in Europe

Lakes in Europe have a bipolar distribution by latitude with higher lake densities in the north (58–65° N) and south (38–48° N). By area, 95% of the large lakes (>100 km²) are located at altitudes lower than 100 m above sea level (ASL) and only 1% lie higher than 1,000 m ASL. Physically large lakes exhibit several similarities to seas and oceans in their thermal structure and circulation dynamics. From the chemical point of view, lakes are important accumulation sites for substances transported from the watershed or built up in the lake itself but they may contribute positively to global greenhouse gas emission. Fauna and flora of ancient large lakes such as the Caspian Sea and Lake Ohrid include large numbers of endemic species, which become endangered if conditions change because of direct human impact, alien species invasions or climate change. Large lakes offer a wide range of ecosystem services to society, the multiple use of which creates multiple pressures on these water bodies such as nutrient load and toxic pollution, modification of hydrology and shore line structure, and shifting of the food web balance by stocking or harvesting various species. Although large lakes are among the best-studied ecosystems in the world, the application to them of environmental regulations such as the European Water Framework Directive is a challenging task and requires that several natural and management aspects specific to these water bodies are adequately considered.     

利用生物固定土壤重金属的机理及在农产品安全中的应用

生物固定技术是土壤重金属污染防治和保障农产品安全的有效手段。目前利用生物固定土壤中的重金属主要有三种途径：①利用土壤微生物固定重金属;②利用植物根分泌物固定重金属;③利用植物一微生物联合固定重金属。本文阐述了生物固定技术在解决土壤重金属危害中的重要意义及利用土壤微生物和植物根分泌物固定重金属的机理,提出了农作物选育及改良、高效微生物菌剂的选育及应用等具体措施以保障农产品安全。     

转大麻哈鱼生长激素基因鲤生态安全性检测与分析

评价了转大麻哈鱼（Oncorhynchus Suckley）生长激素基因鲤生态安全性问题及研究转基因鱼对天然野生鲤群体遗传污染程度。通过RAPD和SSLP方法,用265个RAPD标记和35对鲤的微卫星标记对受杂交鲤污染的哈尔滨江段黑龙江鲤群体、未受污染的抚远江段黑龙江鲤群体及模拟转基因鲤占普通鲤群体的1%和10%比例获得繁殖子代等实验群体的DNA样本进行全基因组扫描统计分析得出结论,即转基因鲤占普通鲤群体1%时对普通群体的基因污染程度是微乎其微的,远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染,转基因鲤占普通鲤群体10%时对普通鲤遗传背景的影响稍有升高,但仍然远远低于杂交鲤对野生群体基因污染程度。总之,在现有的检测技术条件及有效的监控条件下,与杂交鲤相比转基因鲤对鲤野生群体的遗传背景的影响是微弱的,而外来种和杂交种则对生态环境有严重威胁。     

河流干支流水质与土地利用的相关关系

为探索不同等级河流水质状况及其对土地利用构成响应的差异,以江苏北部的灌河流域为研究对象,基于2006—2007年两个年度灌河及其支流的水质监测数据和研究区的Landsat TM影像,在河流两侧长度0.0—10.0 km、宽度0.0—0.5 km的范围内,运用多元回归分析,对研究区干、支流主要水质指标及其与相应土地利用构成的关系进行了研究。结果表明:2006—2007年间,研究区干流水质总体上显著好于支流,支流的总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等营养盐指标显著高于干流,而干流的有机污染指标显著高于支流;比较不同观测尺度上土地利用构成对河流水质变化的方差贡献率发现,缓冲区宽度一定时,支流在所有观测尺度上的土地利用构成与水质变化皆存在显著相关关系,而干流仅在缓冲区长度0.0—4.0 km的观测尺度上其土地利用构成与水质变化的相关关系显著;缓冲区长度一定时,干、支流河道两侧0.0—0.3 km间土地利用状况对水质变化的解释能力较大。同时发现,氮、磷等营养盐浓度多与较大尺度上的土地利用构成相关,而化学需氧量(COD)、生化需氧量(BOD)等多与较小尺度上的土地利用构成相关。研究结果显示,有必要区分不同河流等级,选择适宜的观测尺度,分别研究不同水质指标与土地利用构成间的相关关系。     

Potential for Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Boreal Subsurface

We studied the role of aerobic and anaerobic petroleum hydrocarbon degradation at a boreal, light-weight fuel and lubrication oil contaminated site undergoing natural attenuation. At the site, anoxic conditions prevailed with high concentrations of CH4 (up to 25% v/v) and CO2 (up to 18% v/v) in the soil gas throughout the year. Subsurface samples were obtained mainly from the anoxic parts of the site and they represented both the unsaturated and saturated zone. The samples were incubated in microcosms at near in situ conditions (i.e. in situ temperature 8 degrees C, aerobic and anaerobic conditions, no nutrient amendments) resulting in the removal of mineral oil (as determined by gas chromatography) aerobically as well as anaerobically. In the aerobic microcosms on average 31% and 27% of the initial mineral oil was removed during a 3- and 4-month incubation, respectively. In the anaerobic microcosms, on average 44% and 15% of the initial mineral oil was removed during a 12- and 10-month anaerobic incubation, respectively, and e.g. n-alkanes from C11 to C15 were removed. A methane production rate of up to 2.5 microg CH4 h(-1) g(-1) dwt was recorded in these microcosms. In the aerobic as well as anaerobic microcosms, typically 90% of the mineral oil degraded belonged to the mineral oil fraction that eluted from the gas chromatograph after C10 and before C15, while 10% belonged to the fraction that eluted after C15 and before C40. Our results suggest that anaerobic petroleum hydrocarbon degradation, including n-alkane degradation, under methanogenic conditions plays a significant role in the natural attenuation in boreal conditions.     

土壤中氟喹诺酮类药物残留的生态效应及归宿

氟喹诺酮类药物是人工合成的高效广谱抗菌药, 对细菌的DNA螺旋酶具有选择性抑制作用, 因其具有良好的药物动力学特性及治疗效果, 临床应用非常广泛, 但同时也引起环境污染。本文综述了氟喹诺酮类药物的理化特性及其对环境的影响, 土壤中残留氟喹诺酮类药物的检测以及氟喹诺酮类药物污染土壤的生物修复。     

胜利油田采油区土壤石油污染状况及其微生物群落结构

基于不同开采年代新油井(2011—)和老油井(1966—2003年)周边土壤的调查取样,研究了采油区土壤石油污染状况,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术,探讨了新、老油井周边土壤微生物的群落结构.结果表明:油井周边土壤均受到不同程度的石油污染,其石油烃含量大多高于土壤石油污染临界值(500 mg·kg^-1),且老油井周边土壤污染水平更高.污染土壤石油烃含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和速效钾含量呈显著正相关.老油井周边土壤微生物群落多样性指数随污染水平的增大而减小,新油井则呈相反的趋势.DGGE图谱优势条带测序结果表明,油井周边土壤均存在明显的优势菌,大多为石油烃相关菌和烃类降解菌,如微杆菌属、链霉菌属、迪茨氏菌属、黄杆菌属及α、γ变形菌等.