Effects of Soil Water Content on Biodegradation of Phenanthrene in a Mixture of Organic Contaminants

Phenanthrene biodegradation was investigated at different soil water contents [0.11, 0.22, 0.33, 0.44 g H₂O (g soil)^?1] to determine the effects of water availability on biodegradation rate. A subsurface horizon of Kennebec silty loam soil was used in this study. [9-¹⁴C] phenanthrene was dissolved in a mixture of organic contaminants that consisted of 76% decane, 6% ρ-xylene, 6% phenanthrene, 6% pristane, and 6% naphthalene, and then added to the soil. The highest rate of mineralization, in which 0.23% of the [9-¹⁴C] phenanthrene degraded to ¹⁴CO₂ after 66 days of incubation, was observed at the soil water content of 0.44 g H₂O/g dry soil. Most of the ¹⁴C remained in the soil as the parent compound or as nonextractable compounds by acetonitrile at the highest water content. Concentrations of nonextractable compounds increased with water content, but residual extractable phenanthrene decreased significantly with increasing water content, which presumably indicates that bio-transformation occurred. The mineralization analysis of radiolabeled 9th carbon in phenanthrene underestimated phenanthrene biodegradation. The strong adsorption and low solubility of phenanthrene contributed to the low mineralization of phenanthrene 9th carbon. The other components were subject to higher biological and abiotic dissipation processes with increasing soil water content.     

Co-Composting of Residual Fuel Contamination in Soil

A remediation program was designed and implemented at a site in southeastern Australia that had become contaminated with nonvolatile, n-alkane total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). The remediation was conducted in two stages. The excavation, validation and reinstatement of two contaminated areas on the site was first conducted, followed by development of a composting treatment process. The total volume of contaminated soil (i. e., TPH concentration >1000?mg/kg C₁₀?C₃₆) was ～4300?m³ with a concentration of 3100±1270?mg/kg. The soil was stockpiled into four windrows, on a compacted, bunded clay base. Approximately 35% (v/v) of raw materials (green tree waste, cow manure, gypsum, and nutrients) were added to initiate composting. The piles were kept moist during the summer months, but no other maintenance was conducted. Once the composting process was initiated, the windrows were sampled at 2 and 6 months. After 6 months treatment, the average TPH concentration (C₁₀?C₃₆) was 730?mg/kg (with a 95% CI of 1020?mg/kg), which met the relevant clean fill criteria applicable to the site. There were no other contaminants of significance in the treated soil compost and it posed no unacceptable risk to human health or the environment, allowing it to be used as fill at the site.     

人工榆树林对温带草原植物多样性的影响

在样线和样方调查的基础上,研究了内蒙古四子王旗人工榆树林对温带草原物种多样性的影响.结果表明:榆树林对草原的物种多样性有明显影响.随榆树林树木密度的提高,林下草本植物的丰富度、均匀度和多样性等指数均呈降低趋势.靠近榆树林的草原群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性等指数高于远离榆树林的草原群落.喜生于树林内部的草本植物有旱麦瓶,喜生于榆树林周边草原的草本植物有阿尔泰狗娃花、扁蓄豆、二裂委陵菜、赖草和糙隐子草等.可见,盲目排斥草原地区造林并非科学之举,应选择土壤水分相对丰富的地段营造适当规模的人工林,以促进草原地区的植物多样性保护.     

模拟铅污染土壤中杂草的菌根形成及对铅的吸收

通过盆栽试验研究了13种杂草在模拟铅污染土壤中的菌根形成及对铅的吸收累积特点。结果表明铅污染对杂草的生长没有明显影响。铅污染土壤中杂草的菌根侵染状况发生了显著变化,与无污染的土壤相比,苦荬菜(Ixerischinensis)、早熟禾(Poaannua)、黑麦草(Loliumperenne)、野燕麦(Avenafatua)、野豌豆(Viciacracca)、白车轴草(Trifoliumrepens)的菌根侵染率下降,而无芒稗(Echinochloacrusgallivar.mitis)、北美车前(Plantagovirginica)、鼠曲草(Gnaphaliumaffine)和酢浆草(Oxaliscorniculata)的菌根侵染率上升,鸡眼草(Kummerowiastriata)、升马唐(Digitariaciliaris)和婆婆纳(Veronicadidyma)无明显变化;土壤中的孢子数除了鸡眼草、野豌豆、白车轴草和酢浆草无显著差异外,其余物种在铅污染土壤中的孢子数量与对照相比明显下降。不同的杂草物种对土壤铅的吸收和积累存在明显差异,被杂草吸收的铅主要积累在杂草根系内,向杂草地上部转移的铅比率不高。     

铜川煤矿区重金属污染对土壤微生物群落代谢和酶活性的影响

研究了陕西省铜川煤矿矿区的重金属污染状况以及不同程度的重金属污染对土壤微生物代谢、微生物群落功能以及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 铜川矿区土壤中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb全量及有效量均显著高于非矿区土壤,其中Cd污染最为严重.采用Biolog方法结合主成分分析和聚类分析发现,随着污染程度的增加,不同土壤微生物群落间的代谢特征发生显著变化,而且这种变化主要体现在糖类和氨基酸类碳源的利用差异.在轻度、中度污染情况下,土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用表现出激活效应;而在重度污染的情况下,土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用表现出抑制效应.随着污染程度的增加,脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性均呈现降低的趋势,矿区土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别是非矿区土壤中相应酶活性的50.5%～65.1%、19.1%～57.1%、87.2%～97.5%、77.3%～86.0%;蔗糖酶和纤维素酶在中等污染程度以下的土壤中表现为激活效应,而在重度污染的土壤中表现为抑制效应.     

锌污染对植物的毒害及植物的忍耐性

锌在土壤中的总含量一般为10—300ppm,个别土壤可达500—1000ppm;在一些铅、锌矿区土壤的含锌量可高达2800ppm,甚至更高。锌是植物生长发育的必需元素,但环境中过量的锌会造成环境污染,使一些植物受害不能生存,一些植物可     

汕头湾表层沉积物重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

汕头湾作为华南地区重要的出海门户,汕头市主要的旅游区和水产养殖基地,其环境污染问题已成为制约当地经济发展的重要因素,为此2002年在此开展了重大科技术兴海项目,以海洋沉积物质量标准、单因子污染指数和潜在生态风险评价体系对汕头湾表层沉积物重金属污染现状和潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:汕头湾表层沉积物中Cd,Cu,Pb,Zn的平均含量超过海沉积物质量标准(Ⅰ类);以单因子污染指数评价,Cd达到很强污染等级,Zn为强污染,Cu,Ni,Pb为中等污染;以单元素生态系数(E_rⁱ)评价,只有Cd的潜在生态风险达到很强等级,其它元素则只属于轻微潜在风险范畴;以多元素潜在生态风险指数(RI)评价,汕头湾的潜在生态风险水平处于中等强度;重金属含量分布特征与重金属污染及潜在生态风险的空间差异性一致,表现为由上游至下游呈波状递减趋势,其中以牛田洋和汕头港上游最为严重;这一污染特征主要是由集水区域内的产业结构特点、河流入海口及排污口的分布以及汕头湾的地理和水文特性所决定的。     

高效柴油降解菌Acinetobacter sp.W3分离鉴定及降解酶基因扩增分析

从柴油污染的海水样品中分离高效柴油降解细菌,分析菌株对柴油的降解能力及降解酶基因,为海洋柴油污染的生物修复奠定基础。选取浙江定海港柴油污染的海水样品,进行降解菌的富集培养;采用常规方法分离筛选高效柴油降解菌。利用革兰氏染色、形态学观察、生理生化鉴定及16S rDNA分析等方法对降解菌株进行种属鉴定。采用紫外吸收法测定菌株对柴油的降解率。采用PCR方法、核酸序列测定和比对,对其降解酶基因进行扩增分析。筛选出一株高效降解菌,形态学观察及生理生化鉴定初步确定为不动杆菌。16S rDNA序列分析及比对结果表明,其16S rDNA序列与威尼斯不动杆菌(Acinetobacter venetianus)属的序列同源性达到99.7%,命名为不动杆菌W3(Acinetobactersp.W3),该菌对柴油的7 d降解率达到84.7%。PCR方法从Acinetobactersp.W3菌株中的基因组DNA和质粒DNA上扩增到了大小为540 bp的烷烃羟化酶基因alkB和864 bp的CYP153A部分DNA片段,分别与Acinetobacter venetianus1-D-2的alkB和Acinetobactersp.OC4、Acinetobactersp.EB104的CYP153具有99%和98%的同源性。从定海港口柴油污染海水分离得到一株高效柴油降解菌Acinetobactersp.W3,该菌属于不动杆菌属,含有烷烃降解酶基因,能高效降解柴油污染物,有望应用于海水柴油污染的生物修复。     

街尘与城市降雨径流污染的关系综述

街尘是引起城市面源污染分布最为广泛、最重要的污染物载体,街尘及其负载的污染物与降雨冲刷相关过程的全面认识,对有效控制城市地表径流污染有着重要的意义.针对全球快速城市化背景下街尘及其降雨冲刷污染的研究现状,阐明了街尘及其降雨冲刷污染的不足与难点,并对未来研究方向的突破性给予展望.     

再力花处理河涌和湖泊水样有机污染物及离子的特性

为了明确河涌和湖泊水样中COD、TP、TN和阴阳离子的植物处理效果,以及含氮污染物的植物转化规律,以前期研究中选育的再力花处理了广州市某河涌和暨南大学明湖水样.结果证明,再力花能有效地促进河涌和湖泊水样中TN、COD_Cr和TP的去除.处理144h后,河涌水样初始浓度为11.15mg·L^-1、45mg·L^-1和1.17mg·L^-1的TN、COD_Cr和TP分别降至3.21mg·L^-1、15.8mg·L^-1和0.53mg·L^-1;湖水初始浓度为4.50mg·L^-1、36mg·L^-1和0.25mg·L^-1的TN、COD_Cr和TP分别降至2.31mg·L^-1、11.7mg·L^-1和0.03mg·L^-1.水样中的微生物和再力花均能去除NH₄⁺,并引起水中还原态氮发生亚硝化和硝化,但是不会明显改变Cl^-、SO₄^2-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺等离子的浓度.